This presentation deals with the definition, branches and relationship of Horticulture with other sciences

1. WARM WEL-COME EVERYONE
Prepared By
Umesh Timilsina
Assistant Professor
Agriculture and Forestry University
CNRM, Bardibas,Mahottari

2. Introduction to Horticulture and its
branches

3. Some Terminologies used in Horticulture
Annuals: Are the
plants that live for
one year or less
i.e. the plant
makes its
vegetative growth,
flowers and
produces seed
within one year
from the sowing
date then plants
die.
Asexual
propagation
(vegetative
propagation): It
does not involves the
gamete from parent
in which vegetative
part such as leaf,
stem or root are used
instead of seed.
Biennials: Those
plants which
require two years
or parts of two
growing seasons,
with more or less
of a dormant or
resting season to
complete their life
cycle.
Blanching:
Heating of fruits
and vegetables in
water or in live
steam before
freezing, canning
or drying.

5. Bonsai: It
comprises a tree or
shrub planted in a
small container for
developing as a
miniature plant
showing the
general
appearance of that
plant species
found in nature.
Bud: A bud is
undeveloped and
elongated stems
composed of a
very short axis of
meristem cells
from which
embryonic leaves,
lateral buds,
flower parts.
Budding:
Type of
grafting in
which a scion
(vegetative
bud) is placed
in the stock /
stock plant.
C: N Ratio: The
relative proportion
of carbon and
nitrogen supply to
a plant which is
very important in
influencing growth
and fruitfulness of
trees.

6. Cacti: Cacti are a group of plants with
peculiar shape and size and mostly
adapted for desert life.
Callus: Wounded tissues which develop
from cambium of other exposed
meristem.
Cambium: Between xylem and phloem,
there is a thin wall and undifferentiated
tissues which is called as cambium.
Canning (Appertizing): May be
defined as the preservation of foods in
sealed container by sterilization by heat.

7. Cambium Callus

8. Curing: It is
sun drying by
exposing fruits
and vegetables
in sun.
Cutting:
A detached portion
of a plant part
placed in suitable
medium like sand,
soil or saw dust in
order that it may
produces roots and
shoots to form a
new plant.
Deciduous:
Deciduous
plants shed
their leaves
once in a
year when
they go to
rest.
Dehydration:
It is drying by
artificially
produced heat
under carefully
controlled
condition of
temperature,
humidity and
air flow.

9. De-shooting: Removal of newly formed
shoots to prevent them from becoming
branches.
Evergreen: Evergreen trees do not have definite
resting season and they do not shed their leaves
during any particular season for e.g. mango, lime,
lemon, orange etc.
Filler trees: Trees placed in between
permanent trees at the time of planting for
getting some returns from them up to the
stage when permanent trees start production.
Floriculture: Cultivation of flowers and
ornamental plants for commercial purposes or
merely for getting pleasure and as a hobby.

10. Formal garden: It is
the application of
garden method and
material
geometrically
balanced and based
on the bilateral
symmetry.
Garden: A plot or
land devoted to the
growing of flowers,
shrubs, flowering
and shade trees,
creepers, herbs, other
ornamental plants
fruit trees and
vegetables in certain
manner.
Grafting: It is the
process of joining a
part of plant with
another in such a
way that both will
unite to work as a
unit and will
continue to grow.

11. Green house:
Green house
are manmade
devices
treating
condition
favorable for
the growth of
the plants.
Herbarium:
A collection
and
arrangements
of plant
specimens
according to
taxonomy.
Horticulture:
Horticulture is
defined as
culture of
fruits,
vegetables,
flowers and
ornamental
plants and its
preservation
for long time.
Hydroponics:
The growth of
plant in water
without soil
and supplied
nutrient in
water is
known as
hydroponics.

12. Indoor gardening: Growing, arrangement and
display of house plants for interior decoration of
a room or house.
Informal gardening: The application of
garden method and materials for the
improvement of any area, on which it is
possible and desirable to develop new face.
Jam: It is a product prepared by boiling the
fruit pulp with sufficient quantity of sugar to
a considerable thick consistency form
enough to hold the fruit tissue in position.

13. Jelly: It is a product
prepared by boiling
the fruit with or
without water,
straining, mixing the
strained and clear
juice extract with
sugar and boiling the
mixture to a stage at
which it will be set to
a clear gel.
Landscape
gardening:
Designing and
laying out home
gardens, public
gardens, parks,
roadside
plantation,
avenues etc. is
called land scape
gardening.
Lawn: Lawn is
an open area
with green
grass of the
garden. For
e.g. Cynodon
dactylon.
Layering: A
vegetative
method of
propagation in
which part of
the plant is
allowed to root
bearing by
detaching it
from the
mother plant.

14. Olericulture: The
cultivation of
vegetable crops.
Orchard: A group
of fruit trees grown
in specified areas.
Ornamental
garden: An area
established with
valuable and
pleasurable plants
adjacent to a house
or other building.

15. Perennials:
Those plants
which do not
furnish their life
cycle in one or
two years but
lives for more
than two years.
Pickling:
Preservation of
fruits and
vegetables in
common salt or
vinegar is called
pickling.
Polyembryony:
Some seeds
contain more
than one embryo
is known as
polyembryony.
Pomology:
The science of
growing fruit
crops.

16. Polyembryony

17. Preservation of fruits
and vegetables:
Canning of fruits and
vegetables as fruit
juices, marmalades, jam,
jellies, candying and
dehydration etc.
Preservatives: A
chemical additive which
preserve some desired
characteristic of food by
making certain chemical
structures and more
stable by retarding
microbial growth.
Propagation:
Propagation means
production of new
individuals.

18. Pruning: It is the
art and science of
cutting away a
portion of plant to
improve its shape,
to influence
growth, flowering
and fruitfulness
and to improve the
quality of the
product.
Scion: The upper
part of graft
union is called
scion.
Sod culture:
Cultivation of
grass in orchard
is called sod
culture.
Stock: It is the
part of a graft
which has the
roots and which
support the
growth made by
the other
component scion.

19. Suckers: These are
shoots growing
from latent
adventitious buds on
roots.
Terrarium: A
closed type of glass
container used to
provide usual
environment for the
growth of plants.
Training: Training
means developing a
desired shape of the
tree with particular
objectives by
controlling the habit
of growth.

21. Vegetable forcing:
This is a type of
gardening which is
concerned with the
production of
vegetables out of
their normal season
Viability: Capacity
of seed to germinate
is called viability.
Water sprouts:
These are shoots
growing from latent
adventitious buds on
stems or branches.

22. Introduction to Horticulture
The term Horticulture is derived from two Latin words i.e.
Hortus meaning garden and Colere meaning to grow or to
cultivate.
The term Horticulture is first used in 1600s A.D.
Horticulture is the growing of flowers, fruits and
vegetables, and also plants for ornament, recreation
and fancy purpose."
Horticulture contributes to the economy, provides good
nutrition, and is a valuable spiritual and psychological
therapy.
Horticultural crops beautifies and enhances the
environment.

23. BRANCHES OF HORTICULTURE
1. Pomology:
It is derived from two Greek words i.e. Pomum meaning
fruit and Logos meaning discourse or study. Therefore,
pomology is study or cultivation of fruit crops such as
Mango, Litchi, Citrus, Guava, Grape, Banana, Pineapple,
Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Avocado, etc.

24. Plum and Apricot

25. Cherry Avocado

26. 2. Olericulture
It is derived from two Greek words i.e. Oleris
meaning Potherbs (any plant having leaves,
flowers, stems, etc.) and Cultra meaning
cultivation.
Therefore, olericulture literally means cultivation of
vegetables like Brinjal, Okra, Tomato, Capsicum,
Peas, Beans, Cucurbits etc.

27. 3. Floriculture:
It is derived from two Greek words i.e. Florus
meaning flower and Cultra meaning cultivation.
Therefore, floriculture means study of flower crops
such as Rose, Jasmine, Carnation, Aster, Gladiolus,
Marigold, Dahlia, Hibiscus, Poinsettia, Gerbera,
Anthurium Orchids, etc.

29. Gerbera and Hibiscus

30. Dahlia Poinsettia

31. Jasmine
Carnation

32. Aster Anthurium

33. Orchids

34. 4. Landscape gardening:
It is the art of beautifying a piece of land using
garden designs, methods and plant materials.

36. 5. Post harvest technology:
It deals with the processing and preservation of
produce of horticulture crops.

37. 6. Plantation crops:
 These crops are cultivated in an extensive scale in large
areas (estate), owned and managed by an individual or a
company and whose produce or Product is utilized only
after processing.
 Eg.,Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Cashew nut, Arecanut, Coconut,
Cocao,etc.

38. Cashew nut Rubber

39. 7.Spices and condiments
 This branch deals with the cultivation of crops
whose produce is used mainly for coloring and
flavouring dishes.
• Spices: These are those plants, the products of
which are used as food adjuncts (supplements) to
add aroma and flavour (taste) in dishes. For
example, Black Pepper, Cardamom, Clove,
Cinnamon, etc.
• Condiments: These are those plants, the products of
which are used as food adjuncts to add taste only.
For e.g. Turmeric, Ginger, Red chilies, Onion,
Garlic etc.

40. Spices Condiments

41. 8. Medicinal and aromatic plants:
 It deals with the cultivation of medicinal plants (Aloe vera,
Harrow, Barrow etc.) which provide drugs and aromatic
crops (Lemon grass, Chamomile, Basil, rosemary, mint)
which yields aromatic (essential) oils.

42. Relation between Horticulture and Other Sciences
• It is an applied science.
• Horticultural science is not developed independently.
• The advances made in other sciences have greatly helped in
appreciating the contribution of horticulture.
1. Soil Science:
• The knowledge on soil mineral composition, soil texture, Water
holding capacity, nutrient movement and uptake, Soil pH and nutrient
are necessary before horticultural crops are planted.
2. Agronomy:
• Many management and cultural practices are same in both Agronomy
and Horticulture.
• Crops like Potatoes, beans, peas, etc. are dealt in both these sciences
 Horticulture crops: Consumed in Fresh form.
 Agronomic crops: Consumed in dry form.
 Post harvest practices are almost same.

43. Figure: Relationship between Horticultural Science with Agriculture
Science (inner circle) and other science (outer circle)

44. 3. Plant protection:
Pathology and Entomology are also useful Sciences
for the control of pest and disease problems.
Horticulturists must be well acquainted with the
principles of entomology and Plant pathology for
controlling the pests and diseases.
4. Genetics and Plant breeding:
• The principles of genetics and plant breeding are
used so commonly and frequently in horticulture .
Hereditary nature of Pea: made Mendalian
inheritance famous
• The selection, hybridization and mutation have been
useful tool in developing a variety/cultivar of
desired quality.

45. 5. Botany:
• Fruits vegetables, flowers are intimately associated
with botany.
• Study related to morphology, anatomy, physiology
are based on botany.
6. Biochemistry and plant physiology
• Horticulture science is related to these sciences to
understand different processes that undergo within a
plant in natural environment.
Flower bud differentiation
Physiological processes
Changes in hormonal level

46. 7. Statistics and Computer Science:
• Statistics has become an important tool in studying
natural phenomena in fruits, vegetables and other
crops
• Many packages on statistical tools and methods of
experimentation: R-Studio, Genstat, MStat-C etc.
• Can be used effectively and efficiently in evaluating
plant performance.
• We conduct a lot of experiments and generate
hundreds and thousands of data
• Computer helps in processing these data and
develop programs suitable for modeling plant
systems.

47. 8. Biotechnology:
• Recently developed field of high tech in many crops
including horticulture.
• Virus free plants, diseases and pest resistant crops:
by tissue culture
9.Extension and rural sociology
• What is more important in the Agriculture
particularly horticulture that the extension activities,
to popularize the highlight of research work.
• The techniques and varieties developed, the
practices adopted in horticultural crop production
must be tied with outreach programs.
• The expansion of these methods and new ideas
could help to meet the local needs in rural societies.

48. Horticulture:
Science and Art
• Known as applied Botany because:
Takes principles of botany such as
morphology, anatomy and physiology and
applies them to the growing crops.
• Also uses other sciences such as:
Chemistry, biochemistry, Physics, mathematics
and Genetics.
• So horticulture is obviously science.

49. • Horticulture is also an art.
• Where practical experience is useful.
• Example: A person may know the science of
cultivating plants but he is unsuccessful due to the
lack of a green thumb.
• Art form in Horticulture:
Grafting
Floral design
Landscape design
• So horticulture is an applied Science and an art form

50. Grafting

52. Grafted fruits

53. Floral Design

54. Landscape Garden/ Design

56. Thank you For Your Patience

59. HORTICULTURAL CLASSIFICATION
I. Edibles
A. Vegetables
1. Plants grown for aerial portions
 Cole crops (Cauliflower, Cabbage, Broccoli, Kale,
Knolkhol)
 Legumes ( Peas, Beans, Cowpea)
 Solanaceous fruit crops (Capsicum (Sweet Pepper), Hot
pepper, eggplant, tomato)
 Cucurbits or vine crops (Cucumber, Melons, Squash,
Pumpkin)
 Greens or pot herbs (Swiss chard, Lettuce, Spinach)
 Other vegetables (Asparagus, Okra, Sweet corn)

60. Swisschard Summer squash

61. Sugarbeet Knolkhol

62. Lettuce Sweet Corn

63. 2. Plants grown for underground
portions
i. Root crops
Temperate (Beet, Carrot, Radish, Turnip)
Tropical (Cassava, Sweet potato, Taro,
Yam)
ii. Tuber crops ( Potato)
iii. Bulb and corm crops (Garlic, Onion )

64. Cassava Taro

65. B. Fruits
1. Temperate (Deciduous) fruits
i. Small fruits
Berries (Blueberry, Strawberry etc.)
Vines (Grape, Kiwifruit, etc.)
ii. Tree fruits
Pome fruits- Apple, Pear, Quince
Stone fruits- Apricot, Peach, Plum

66. 2. Subtropical and tropical fruits
(Evergreen)
i. Herbaceous perennials (Banana, Papaya,
Pineapple, Dragon fruit, etc.)
ii. Tree fruits
Stone or Drupe fruit: Mango, Litchi, Date
etc.
Citrus: Mandarin, Sweet orange, Lime,
Lemon, Grape fruit, etc.
Other fruits: Avocado, Fig, etc.

67. Blueberry Strawberry

68. Kiwi Grapefruit

69. Dragon fruit Fig

70. C. Nuts
1. Temperate (Almond, Walnut)
2. Tropical (Cashewnut, Mecadamia nut)
D. Beverage Crops
1. Seed (coffee)
2. Leaf (tea)
E. Herbs and Spices
1.Culinary herbs (Rosemary)
2. Flavorings (Peppermint, Spearmint)
3. Tropical spices (Cinnamon, Clove, Pepper)

71. Macademia nut Almond

72. Peppermint Spearmint

73. II. Non-edible plants:
1. Flowers:
Annuals: Petunia, zinnia, coleus, etc.
Biennials: Hollyhock, sweet William, etc.
Perennials: Roses, chrysanthemum, dahlia,
begonia, etc.
Cut flower: Gladiolus, Gerbera, Carnation
2. Foliage plants: Sansveria, Moneyplant,
Croton

74. Petunia Zinnia

75. Coleus Sweet William

76. Holly hock
Begonia

77. Gladiolus Gerbera

78. Sansveria (Snake Plant)
Croton

79. 3. Nursery plants:
Lawn or turf grasses: Bermuda grass, blue
grass, etc.
Ground covers: Sedum, periwinkle, etc.
Vines and lianas: Rangoon creeper,
Bougainvellia, pelican flower, etc.
Shrubs: Poinsettia, hibiscus, Azalea etc.
Trees: Rhododendron, Gulmohar, Silver oak
bottlebrush, etc.

80. Bermuda Grass
Blue grass

81. Sedum Periwinkle

82. Rangoon Creeper Pelican flower

83. Bougainvellia Gul mohar

85. Silver Oak Bottle brush

86. III. Miscellaneous plants:
Herbs, spices, condiments and drugs:
Vanilla, nutmeg, Cinchona (quinine),
spearmint, black pepper, etc.
Beverage crops: Coffee, tea, cocoa, etc.
Plants yielding rubber, latex and gums:
Rubber, Papaya, etc.

87. Vanilla Nut meg

88. NOMENCLATURE (SCIENTIFIC PLANT
CLASSIFICATION)
Example: Apple
Kingdom Plantae
Division Anthrophyta
Class Dicotyledonae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae
Genus Malus
Species domestica, pumila
Variety (or cultivar, cv.) Red Delicious,
Jonathan, Golden delicious, Fuji

89. THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION