This document provides information about different parts of plants and their functions. It discusses roots, stems, leaves, flowers, food storage, growth processes like photosynthesis and respiration, and requirements for plant growth like temperature, light, oxygen, water and nutrients. It also covers built environment considerations, types of plants including grasses, herbs, shrubs, climbers and creepers, and applications of ornamental plants for beauty, air purification, and fragrance.

1. L
A
PLANTING
N
D
S
C
A
Submitted By:
P
Pearl
E Prayashi
shalini

2. Plants are the living
organisms present on the
earth. These are identified
by their foliage, profile,
color, etc. The anatomy of
most plants contain roots,
stems, leaves, flowers, etc.

3. ROOTS
A plant is anchored in the ground by its roots.
Older roots are thick and woody, with a waterproof,
corky outer layer. The youngest roots take up water
and dissolved minerals from the soil. These enter
the root through fine root hairs found just behind
each root tip.
STEM
Plants have
stem that
supports fruits
and flowers.
It contains
xylem and
phloem, called
vascular
tissues which
carry water
Leaves and sugars
A plant makes most of its food in its green leaves. Leavesthe usually
around are
thin and flat, so they expose a large surface areas to the sun to
plants.
collect energy. A network of veins supports the leaf and carries
water, sugar, and dissolved minerals.

4. BREATHING ROOTS
All parts of a plant need to
breathe, including the roots. FOOD
Trees that grow in swamps, Some parts of
such as mangroves have roots plants are
that are exposed above the swollen with
water. The roots have lenticels reserves of
FLOWERS
through which oxygen from starches or
These are made up of sepals,
air can enter. sugars .
petals, stamens and carpals. These stored
These are arranged in whorls food is used
on the tip of the flower stalk. the next
growing
season by
sprouting
shoots.

5. GROWTH OF
PLANTS
Photosynthesis – it is used by plants to convert the
light energy captured from the sun into chemical
energy(sugar) in presence of chlorophyll that can be
used to fuel the organism's activities.
Respiration – The process of metabolizing (burning)
sugars to yield energy for growth, reproduction, and
other life processes.
Transpiration – The loss of water vapour through
the stomata of leaves.

7. REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT
GROWTH will not compensate for poor growing conditions
Hydroponic systems
such as improper temperature, inadequate light, or pest problems.
Hydroponically grown plants have the same general requirements for good
growth as field-grown plants. The major difference is the method by which
the plants are supported and the inorganic elements necessary for growth
and development are supplied.
TEMPERATURE
Plants grow well only within a
limited temperature range.
Temperatures that are too high or
too low will result in abnormal
development and reduced
production. Warm-season
vegetables and most flowers grow
best between 60 and 75 or 80
F. Cool-season vegetables such as
lettuce and spinach should be
grown between 50 and 70 F.

8. LIGHT
All vegetable plants and many flowers require large amounts of
sunlight. Hydroponically grown vegetables like those grown in a
garden, need at least 8 to 10 hours of direct sunlight each day to
produce wells
Artificial lighting is a poor substitute for sunshine, as most indoor
lights do not provide enough intensity to produce a crop.
Adequate spacing between plants will ensure that each plant receives
sufficient light in the greenhouse.
Greenhouse vegetables, whether grown in soil or in a hydroponic
system, will not do as well during the winter as in the summer. Shorter
OXYGEN
days and cloudy weather reduce the light intensity and thus limit
production. Most vegetables will do better if grown from Januaryof
Plants require oxygen for respiration to carry out their functions to
June or and nutrient December In soil they are started in the usually
water from July to uptake. than if adequate oxygen is fall and
grown through the midwinter months. water will quickly exhaust the
available, but plant roots growing in
supply of dissolved oxygen and can be damaged or killed unless
additional air is provided. A common method of supplying oxygen is
to bubble air through the solution. It is not usually necessary to
provide supplementary oxygen in aeroponic or continuous flow

9. WATER
Providing the plants with an adequate amount of water is not difficult
in the water culture system, but it can be a problem with the aggregate
culture method. During the hot summer months a large tomato plant
may use one-half gallon of water per day. If the aggregate is not kept
sufficiently moist, the plant roots will dry out and some will die. Even
after the proper moisture level has been restored, the plants will recover
slowly and production will be reduced.
Water quality can be a problem in hydroponic systems. Water with
excessive alkalinity or salt content can result in a nutrient imbalance and
poor plant growth. Softened water may contain harmful amounts of
sodium. Water that tests high in total salts should not be used. Salt
levels greater than 0.5 millions or 320 parts per million are likely to
Mineral Nutrients
cause an imbalance of nutrients. The amateur chemist may be able to
Green plants must absorb certain minerals through their roots to survive.
overcome this problem by custom mixing the nutrient solutions to
In the garden these minerals are supplied by the soil and by the addition
compensate for the salts in the water.
of fertilizers such as manure, compost, and fertilizer salts. The essential
elements needed in large quantities are nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Micronutrients - iron,
manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and chlorine are also
needed but in very small amounts.
Support.

10. BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Environment = surroundings which
can be natural, man-made or a
combination of these.
Built Environment = created by
man with or without the aid of the
natural environment.

11. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Planning requirements.
• Building Regulations.
• Land restrictions by vendor or
lesser.
• Availability of services.
• Local amenities including
transport.
• Subsoil conditions.
• Levels and topography of land.
• Adjoining buildings or land.
• Use of building.
• Daylight and view aspects.
PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS
•Natural contours of land.
•Natural vegetation and trees.
•Size of land and/or proposed building.
•Shape of land and/or proposed
building.
•Approach and access roads and
footpaths.
•Services available.

12. TYPES OF
PLANTS
GRAS HERB SHRUBS
S S
CLIMBING CREEPING

13. APPLICATIO
Their NS yields thousands of
Trees have many commercial uses.
wood
products, including paper, medicines
and other chemicals, and lumber.
Trees also provide food, such as
fruits, spices, and nuts. Bark from
the roots of the sassafras yields a
tea and oils, and various chemicals
are derived from the roots of the
longleaf pine. Some tree bark yields
such substances as cork, tannins,
and cinnamon, as well as various
kinds of drugs and dyes. Some
leaves, such as those of the Palma
palm, provide fibers that are woven
into twine, rope, and mats. Fluids
from trees yield many useful
products, including rubber, maple
syrup, and turpentine.
Trees are also valuable for
ornamentation. They line streets
and adorn gardens, making them

14. APPLICATIO
NS

15. ORNAMENTA
An TION plant is
ornamental grown for decoration, rather than food or
other by-products. Ornamental plants may be grown in a flowerbed,
shaped into a hedge or placed in a sunny apartment window.
They are most often intentionally planted for aesthetic appeal, but a
plant that occurs naturally and enhances the landscape could also be
considered ornamental

16. ADD BEAUTY
Ornamental plants are used in and out to beautify the surroundings.
A large, tropical plant in a living room
provides a pop of color and helps soften harsh lines from furniture
and architectural design. Colorful
flowering ornamental plants break up theCLEAN AIR that
browns and greens
naturally occur outside Plants take in carbon dioxide as
food and release clean oxygen,
acting as natural air filters. This
proves especially helpful for
indoor environments, where air
circulation is limited compared
to outdoors. Keeping ornamental
houseplants has been shown to
FRAGRANCE improve indoor air quality,
Many ornamental plants are chosen
because they appeal to the sense of
smell, in addition to their visual appeal.
Lavender is widely regarded for its
pleasing fragrance; although widely
harvested for lavender oil, it is

17. FLOWERS
Flowers add another element of interest to an ornamental grass
backdrop.
HUA
CAI
COMMON CHIC
ORY
RANUNCULUS
PEONY VINE

18. MEDICINAL
USES
The roots, leaves, bark, fruit and blossoms of plants and trees have
been used for medicinal purposes since before recorded history. Teas,
tinctures, poultices and extracts made from countless plants are used to
soothe sore throats, boost immunity, ease congestion and relieve pain
throughout the world.
WILLOW TREE BARKto the World Health Organization, approximately 80
In fact, according ST. JOHN'S WORT
percent of people worldwide use herbal medicine in some form for at
willow tree bark is used to A common herbal treatment for mild to
least some of their health care issues.
treat pain and inflammation moderate depression, St. John's wort
caused by tendinitis, has been used as a treatment for
osteoarthritis, bursitis and nervous disorders since the days of the
lower back pain. ancient Greeks. It can also be used
topically to treat wounds, burns and
eczema.

19. ALOE EUCALYPTUS
Used to treat an array The leaves of eucalyptus
of skin ailments, trees and shrubs are
including burns, commonly used to treat
wounds, psoriasis and numerous congestion
even genital herpes, and coughs. Eucalyptus
aloe can also be used is found in cough
as a laxative and may syrups, vapor rubs and
help lower blood sugar lozenges. It can also be
in patients with brewed into teas or
diabetes. Aloe is SAW PALMETTO taken as gargles to
commonly kept as a relieve sore throat pain.
houseplant. It is most often
used to treat
benign prostatic
hyperplasia, or
benign
enlargement of the
prostate gland. It

20. FUNCTIONAL USES OF PLANTS IN
THE LANDSCAPE
Considering the functional use of plants is a new approach to solving
landscape problems. Traditionally, plants have been used for beautification
due to their aesthetic qualities. The expression "functional use of plants"
helps to explain that plants can perform other functions in the landscape
and still beautify.
ARCHITECTURAL USES Rarely should plants be
AESTHETIC USES
simply ornamental;
Plants can be used to form rather, they should
walls, canopies, or floors serve multiple roles,
by taking advantage of making the modern
their different growth landscape both
habits and foliage attractive and
characteristics. A stand of Groups of plants may
functional.
trees or shrubs can create be used
walls to filter or block architecturally to form
views, or a canopy of tree walls, canopies or
branches can provide a floors. Plants can form a living
sense of shelter. Ground sculpture on their own, or help
cover planting with soften surrounding
uniform foliage and architecture.

21. ENGINEERING USES
Trees can stop or diffuse light before it reaches the ground. Engineering
functions of plants include using them to screen or soften the sun's glare
on the water or smooth shiny surfaces or to block car lights or street lights.
For climate control, deciduous
CLIMATE CONTROL USES OF PLANTS
shade trees might be used to
screen the hot summer sun or in
winter permit the solar radiation to
penetrate to the ground, or to the
walls and windows of a building.
Large shrubs can serve as
Plants can be used to screen windbreaks to reduce wind
the hot summer sun while velocities. Changes in solar radiation
This design,
allowing sunlight through bare
employing light levels are also possible with
or plants
branches in winter for a type of shading.
and pavements,
climate control.
emphasizes a
functional and
important entry
This engineering with plant
approach by
design reduces light glare.
directing traffic to

22. HAT ARE ADAPTATIONS?
Adaptations are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a
particular place or habitat.
Earth is a beautiful place to live in.
Each and every place in this world has
its own significance and is unique in its
own water. It consists of plains,
meadows, coastlines, rivers, ponds,
forests, vegetation areas. Each and
every area when looked
individually is known as
landscape. There are various kinds of
landscapes depending on its
formations.
Landscapes also include building
structures, transitory elements like
the thunder, lightning and storm as
well. Depending on the area and
various forms of living identities
and cultural practices landscapes

23. The earth has different kinds of landscapes that also includes icy
landscapes of polar regions,
•mountainous landscapes,
•ast arid desert landscapes,
•islands and coastal landscapes,
•densely forested or
•wooded landscapes
past boreal forests and tropical rainforests, and agricultural landscapes
of temperate and tropical regions. Likewise there are numerous
classifications and are separated through different categories like

24. THE
DESERT sandy or rocky and unable to hold much water. Winds are
•
The desert is very dry and often hot. There is a lot of direct sunlight shining on the
plants. The soil is often
often strong, and dry out plants. Plants are exposed to extreme temperatures and
drought conditions.
• Plants must cope with extensive water loss.
• Desert Plant Adaptations
• Some plants, called succulents, store water in their stems or leaves;
• Some plants have no leaves or small seasonal leaves that only grow after it rains. The
lack of leaves helps reduce water loss during photosynthesis. Leafless plants conduct
photosynthesis in their green stems.
• Long root systems spread out wide or go deep into the ground to absorb water;
• Some plants have a short life cycle, germinating in response to rain, growing,
flowering, and dying within one year. These plants can evade drought.
• Leaves with hair help shade the plant, reducing water loss. Other plants have leaves
that turn throughout the day to expose a minimum surface area to the heat.
• Spines to discourage animals from eating plants for water;
• Waxy coating on stems and leaves help reduce water loss.
• Flowers that open at night lure pollinators who are more likely to be active during the
cooler night.
• Slower growing requires less energy. The plants don't have to make as much food and
therefore do not lose as much water.

25. This cactus displays several desert
adaptations: it has spines rather than
leaves and it stores water in its stem.
This cactus displays light-colored hair
that helps shade the plant.
This plant has a waxy coating on its leaves.

26. THE TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS
Temperate Grassland The temperate grasslands, also
(Prairie) Plant Adaptations called prairie, feature hot summers
•During a fire, while above-ground and cold winters. Rainfall is uncertain
portions of grasses may perish, the and drought is common. The
root portions survive to sprout again temperate grasslands usually receive
•Some prairie trees have thick bark to about 10 to 30 inches of precipitation
resist fire per year. The soil is extremely rich in
organic material due to the fact that
•Prairie shrubs readily resprout after
the above-ground portions of grasses
fire
die off annually, enriching the
•Roots of prairie grasses extend deep
soil. The area is well-suited to
into the ground to absorb as much agriculture and few original prairies
moisture as they can
•Extensive root systems prevent survive today.
grazing animals from pulling roots
out of the ground
•Prairie grasses have narrow leaves
which lose less water than broad
leaves

27. Soft stems enable prairie grasses
to bend in the wind. Narrow
leaves minimize water loss.
Many grasses are wind pollinated
and are well-suited to the exposed,
windy conditions of the grasslands.

28. THE TROPICAL
RAINFOREST
The tropical rainforest is hot and it rains a lot, about 80 to 180 inches
per year. This abundance of water can cause problems such as
promoting the growth of bacteria and fungi which could be harmful to
plants. Heavy rainfall also increases the risk of flooding, soil erosion,
and rapid leaching of nutrients from the soil (leaching occurs when the
minerals and organic nutrients of the soil are "washed" out of the soil by
rainfall as the water soaks into the ground). Plants grow rapidly and
quickly use up any organic material left from decomposing plants and
animals. This results is a soil that is poor. The tropical rainforest is very
thick, and not much sunlight is able to penetrate to the forest
floor. However, the plants at the top of the rainforest in the canopy,
must be able to survive 12 hours of intense sunlight every day of the
year. There is a great amount of diversity in plant species in the tropical
rainforest. Tropical Rainforest Plant Adaptations
• drip tips and waxy surfaces allow water to run off, to discourage growth
of bacteria and fungi
• buttresses and prop and stilt roots help hold up plants in the shallow soil
• some plants climb on others to reach the sunlight
• some plants grow on other plants to reach the sunlight
• flowers on the forest floor are designed to lure animal pollinators since
there is relatively no wind on the forest floor to aid in pollination
• smooth bark and smooth or waxy flowers speed the run off of water
• plants have shallow roots to help capture nutrients from the top level of

29. Drip-tips on leaves help shed excess water.
Some plants collect rainwater into a
central reservoir.
Prop roots help support plants in the
shallow soil.

30. THE TEMPERATE RAIN
FOREST
The temperate rain forest features minimal
seasonal fluctuation of temperature: the winters
are mild and the summers cool. The temperate
rain forest receives a lot of precipitation, about 80
to 152 inches per year. Condensation from
coastal fogs also add to the dampness. The soil
is poor in nutrients. Large evergreen trees, some
reaching 300 feet in height, are the dominant
plant species.
Temperate Rain Forest Plant Adaptations
epiphytes such as mosses and ferns grow atop
other plants to reach light.
cool temperatures lead to slow decomposition
but seedlings grow on "nurse logs" to take
advantage of the nutrients from the decomposing
fallen logs.
trees can grow very tall due to amount of

31. Epiphytes live on other plants to reach
the sunlight.
Trees can grow very tall in this very
moist environment.

32. THE TEMPERATE
DECIDUOUS FOREST
There are four distinct seasons in the temperate deciduous forest:
spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The temperature varies from
hot in the summer to below freezing in the winter. Rain is plentiful,
about 30 to 50 inches per year. The temperate deciduous forest is
made up of layers of plants; the number of layers depends upon
factors such as climate, soil, and the age of the forest. The tallest
trees make up the forest canopy which can be 100 feet or more
above the ground. Beneath the canopy, the understory contains
smaller trees and young trees. These understory trees are more
shade tolerant than canopy trees. Below the understory is a shrub
layer. Carpeting the forest floor is the herb layer made up of
wildflowers, mosses, and ferns. Fallen leaves, twigs, and dried
plants cover the ground, decompose, and help add nutrients to the
topsoil.
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST PLANT ADAPTATIONS
wildflowers grow on forest floor early in the spring before trees
leaf-out and shade the forest floor

33. Broad leaves can capture a lot of
sunlight for a tree.
Many trees have thick bark to protect
against the cold winters in the
temperate deciduous forest.
In the autumn, deciduous trees drop
their leaves to minimize water loss

34. PLANT ADAPTATIONS IN WATER
underwater leaves and stems are flexible to move with water currents
some plants have air spaces in their stems to help hold the plant up in
the water submerged plants lack strong water transport system (in
stems); instead water, nutrients, and dissolved gases are absorbed
through the leaves directly from the water. roots and root hairs reduced
or absent; roots only needed for anchorage, not for absorption of
nutrients and water some plants have leaves that float atop the water,
exposing themselves to the sunlight in floating plants chlorophyll is
restricted to upper surface of leaves (part that the sunlight willAquatic
hit) and
the upper surface is waxy to repel water. Some plants produce seeds that
plants
can float must be
flexible
to
withstan
d the
pressure
In floating plants, chlorophyll is restricted to the s of
upper surface. Note the green color on the top of the moving
leaves and the reddish underside of the overturned water.

35. THE TUNDRA
The tundra is cold year-round—it has short cool summers and long,
severe winters. The tundra has a permanently frozen sublayer of soil
called permafrost. Drainage is poor due to the permafrost and because
of the cold, evaporation is slow. The tundra receives little precipitation,
about 4 to 10 inches per year, and what it does receive is usually in the
form of snow or ice. It has long days during the growing season,
sometimes with 24 hours of daylight, and long nights during the
winter. There is little diversity of species. Plant life is dominated by
mosses, grasses, and sedges.
TUNDRA PLANT ADAPTATIONS
• Tundra plants are small (usually less than 12 inches tall) and low-
growing due to lack of nutrients, because being close to the ground
helps keep the plants from freezing, and because the roots cannot
penetrate the permafrost.
• Plants are dark in color—some are even red—this helps them absorb
solar heat.
• Some plants are covered with hair which helps keep them warm.
• Some plants grow in clumps to protect one another from the wind and

36. These tundra plants are low-growing
This plant grows in a clump to
help conserve heat.

39. PROTECTION OF EXISTING TREE
DURING CONSTRUCTION

40. TYPICAL MULTI-STEM TREE
PLANTING

41. TYPICAL TREE PLANTING(12FT
HEIGHT AND LARGER)

42. TYPICAL CONIFEROUS TREE
PLANTING
(6FT HEIGHT AND SMALLER)

44. Typical shrub planting(bare root)

45. CUTTING OR LOWERING A GRADE
NEAR
AN EXISTING TREE

46. PALM TREE PLANTING IN PAVING

47. URBAN TREE PLANTING

48. DECIDUOUS TREE IN PLANTER ON
STRUCTURE

49. SHRUB PLANTING – BALL AND
BURLAP

50. CONCLUSIVE NOTE
• Plants in landscape play a
prominent role, they form a
pioneer position whenever
landscape is talked.
• From the huge variety of plants
available it becomes important to
choose so that the existing or to
be designed spaces /structures
may not look odd.
• The spaces should show good
coordination and harmony with
plants.
• Plants give authenticity to a
building/space to be a part of
earth.

51. • Landscape architecture is to shape
and protect the physical environment
in which we live, work and enjoy.
Landscape architects design and plan
campuses, residential communities,
golf courses, neighbourhood and
national parks, roadways, bike and
pedestrian trails, urban plazas, and
are engaged in large scale
environmental planning.
• The outcome needs to be beautiful
and satisfying for users.

52. Landscape should be designed according to the environment
i.e. according to the adaptation and standards so that the
growth and foliage become adequate throughout.
It should gel up with the environment around. Plants should
be given due respect and importance while designing landscape
as they form a crucial part in our daily life.