Regulatory Aspects, Environmental Chemistry

1. P. A. H. Solapur University, Solapur
M. Sc. Part II Industrial Chemistry
HCT-402 Pollution Monitoring & Control
Unit I A – Regulatory Aspects
Presented By Dr. Barache U. B. M.Sc., B.Ed., Ph.D., SET

2. Syllabus
Unit I:
A) Regulatory aspects
Environmental legislation -Water (prevention and control of
pollution) Act 1974, Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act
1981, its implication application and effectiveness in industrial
pollution control, water quality management in India; Indian
standards- IS – 2490, IS – 3360, IS – 3307 and IS – 2296; MINAS for-
Sugar industries, Distilleries, Synthetic fiber industries, Oil refineries.
B) Removal of phenolic residues: Sources of phenolic residues;
Analytical treatment/Removal methods- Stream gas Stripping, Ion
exchange, Solvent extraction, Oxidation method, Biological treatment.

5. United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, Sweden, 1972.
The Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in her seminal speech in the conference
brought forward the connection between ecological management and poverty
alleviation. The meeting agreed upon a Declaration containing 26 principles
concerning the environment and development, an Action Plan with 109
recommendations, and a Resolution.

6. Environmental Legislation
01
Environmental Legislation
means a plan of action
adopted by the
Government rationalizing
the course of action.
The Environmental
Legislation although
varies from country or
continent focuses on a
common goal of secure
and sustainable living at
earth.
The Environmental
Legislation tries to
enact all the laws of
environment in a
justifiable manner.
02 03

7. Objectives of Environmental Policy
1 2 3 4
A Policy being framed which
will encourage productive and
enjoyable harmony between
man and his environment.
Topromote efforts which will
prevent or eliminate damage
to the environment and
biosphere and stimulate the
health and welfare of man.
Toenrich the understanding
of the ecological systems
and natural resources
important to the Nation.
To use an environmental management
system to prevent environmental pollution
and set environmental objectives and
targets which are regularly reviewed and
continuously upgraded.
This takes its origin from National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA) of US on Jan.1, 1970.

10. 1.
In Indian Constitution, two articles related to Environmental
Protection are:
2.
1. Article 48 A (Directive Principle of State Policy)
“The state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to
safeguard the forests & wildlife of the country”.
2. Article 51 A (g) (Fundamental duties of citizens)
“It shall be the duty of citizen of India to protect & improve the natural
environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife & to have
compassion for living creatures”.

11. HISTORY
01 Bengal Smoke Nuisance Act 1905, got amended in 1973.
02 The Factories Act, 1948.
03 Mines and Minerals (Regulations & Development) Act 1957.
04 After 1970, a series of new acts has passed in the parliament.

12. Environmental Lagislations for Water in India
The Water (Prevention & Control) Act, 1974
(amended up to 1988).
A. The Water (Prevention & Control) Rules, 1975
and
B. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess
(Amendment) Act & Rules, 2003
The Water (Prevention & Control) Act, 1974
(amended up to 1991).

18. Water Pollution Sources

20. Control on Water Pollution
01
Prevent
Groundwater
contamination
02
Rather than
releasing sewage
waste into water
bodies, it is better
to treat them before
discharge.
03
Use the minimum
amount of
detergent and/or
bleach when you
are washing clothes
or dishes.
04
Minimize the use of
pesticides, herbicides,
fertilizers. DO NOT
dispose of these
chemicals, motor oil, or
other automotive fluids
into the water directly.
05
Avoid using a
garbage disposal.
Keep solid wastes
solid. Make a
compost pile from
vegetable scraps.
06
DO NOT pour fat
from cooking or
any other type of
fat, oil, or grease
into the water
07
DO NOT dispose of
household chemicals or
cleaning agents down
the sink or toilet.

22. Causes of Air Pollution
Natural Sources Man made Sources
Volcanic eruptions
Forest Fires
Pollen grains of
flowers
Lightening in
the sky
Ozone
Industrialization
Chemical War
Vehicles
Deforestation

27. Water Quality Management in India
135 litre per capita per day
Coastline
7500 km
Land Frontier 15,200 km
Climate - Topical
Population 135 Cr
Area 3.28 million sq. km
28 States and 9 Union
territories
Coordinates
80 4’ and 3706’ North latitudes
6807’ and 97025 East longitudes
India at a
Glance

45. Water is Precious and Scarce Resource
• India is one of the wettest country in the world, but rainfall is highly
uneven with time and space (with extremely low in Rajasthan and high in
North-East).
• On an average there are only 40 rainy days (100 hours).
• Out of 4000 BCM (Billion m3) rainfall received, about 600 BCM is put to
use so far.
• Water resources are over-exploited resulting in major WQ problems.

46. • Water quality monitoring in India started in 1978 under GEMS (Global
Environmental Monitoring System ) Program.
• National Program of Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources started in 1984 with a total
of 120 stations in 10 River Basins.
• Present network comprising of 870 stations extended to 28 states & 9 Union Territories.
• Monitoring done or Quarterly/Monthly/Half Yearly basis.
• Monitoring network covers 189 Rivers, 53 Lakes, 4 Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3 Creeks, 3 Canals, 9 Drains
and 218 wells.
• Water samples are analyzed for 9 Core Parameters (pH, Temperature, Conductivity, DO, BOD,
Nitrite, Nitrate, Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform) for all monitoring. 19 General Parameters, 9
Toxic Metals and 15 Pesticides are also analyzed once in a year.
• Frequency of analysis for General Parameters reduced to once in a year in view of resources and
to add more stations in non-represented water-bodies. Frequency and Parameters does not
match the guidelines of GEMS. Base-line, Trend and Impact stations are maintained as per the
guidelines of GEMS.
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME

47. ISI Standards for water
01
Disposal of industrial
effluents into inland
surface water
02
Disposal of industrial
effluents into public
sewers
03
On land for irrigation
04
Tolerance limits for inland surface waters,
raw water, fish culture and irrigation
IS:
2490
IS:
3360
IS:
2296
IS:
3307

48. 01
02
03
04
Uniform effluent-standards
approach
Using assimilative capacity of
receiving water approach
Technology based effluent
standards
Minimum national-standards
approach
The water-quality-management objectives can be met by four general approaches:

49. Indian Standards for the Disposal of Industrial Effluents
Characteristics
Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged
IS- 2490 IS- 3360 IS- 3307
BOD, 5 days, mg/L 30 500 500
COD, mg/L 250 - -
pH 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0
Temperature, OC 40 45 -
Suspended solids, mg/L 100 600 -
Oil & grease 10 100 30
Chlorides, mg/L - 600 600
Cyanides, mg/L 0.2 2.5 -
Phenolic compounds 1.0 5.0 -
Cr(VI) , mg/L 0.1 2.0 -
Lead, mg/L 0.1 1.0 -
Nickel, mg/L 3.0 2.0 -
Zinc, mg/L 5.0 15.0 -
Percent sodium - 60 60

51. Disposal on Land
BOD = 100 mg/L;
SS = 100 mg/L.
Disposal into water bodies/ sewers
1
2
MINAS and Plan of Action for Sugar Industries
BOD = 30 mg/L;
SS = 30 mg/L;
Oil & Grease = 10 mg/L.

52. Cooling water should be reused for processing
After cleaning evaporators, used water
should be settled and re-used.
If disposal of wastes is to be on land for irrigation,
BOD & SS should be less than 100 mg/ L.
Molasses are to be stored in steel tanks, not in
unlined pits. Disposal of molasses in the environment
must be done in accordance with CPCB or MPCB.,
which must give its decision within 5 days from
request of receipt.
Consumption of fresh water should be reduced to
800 L/ tone of cane crushed.
Cooling water & spray-pond-overflow volume
should be reduced to 300 L/tone of cane
crushed.
Waste water volume from mill house, boiling house,
filter cloth washing, equipment & floor washing
should be reduced to 300 L/tone of cane crushed.
Minor controls to be attained: oil & grease leakage,
gutters covering, slope to gutters, molasses leakage.
Plan of Action
If disposal of wastes is to be in stream, BOD
& SS should be less than 30 mg/ L.

53. Distilleries in India

54. May 1981
May 1984
• BOD – 3000 mg/L
disposal on land;
• BOD – 500 mg/L
disposal into municipal
sewage system for
sewage treatment;
• BOD – 100 mg/L
disposal into streams.
MINAS and Plan of Action for Distilleries
• BOD – 100 mg/L
disposal on land;;
• BOD – 30 mg/L
disposal into streams.

55. Fermented sludge should not
be allowed to mix with spent
wash. It should be dewatered,
dried and used as manure or
cattle feed
BOD concentration method
should not cause ground
water pollution.
BOD concentration should
be maintained if it is in
stream or municipal
sewage system.
Standards again revised in
May 1984
a
b
c
d
e
Plan of Action
Molasses are to be stored in steel tanks, not in
unlined pits. Disposal of molasses in the
environment must be done in accordance with
CPCB or MPCB., which must give its decision
within 5 days from request of receipt.

57. Parameter Concentration not to exceed mg/L (except pH)
pH 5.5-9.0
Suspended Solids 100
BOD 30
Zinc 1
MINAS and Implementation Plan for Synthetic Fiber Industries
a
b
c
d
e
Appointment of consultant to prepare flow sheet and detailed engineering drawing by Aug 31, 1982.
Commencement of construction of treatment plant by Nov. 1, 1982.
Commissioning of primary and zinc removal/ recovery plants by Mar 31, 1983.
Commissioning of secondary treatment plant by June 15, 1983.
Stabilizing units and achieving MINAS by July 15, 1983.

58. Parameter Max. permissible conc. in mg/L (except pH) Max. permissible quantum in
kg/1000 tonnes of crude processed
Oil & grease 10 7
Phenol 1 0.7
Sulphide 0.5 0.35
BOD 15 10.5
Suspended Solids 20 14
pH 6.0-8.5 -
MINAS and Implementation Plan for Oil Refineries
a
b
c
d
Appointment of consultant to prepare flow sheet and detailed engineering drawing by Sep. 30, 1982.
Commencement of construction of treatment plant by Dec. 1, 1982.
Commissioning of treatment plant by June 30, 1983.
Stabilizing & achieving MINAS by July 31, 1983.

60. Phenol and Phenolic Compounds
The entrance of phenolic compounds into the aquatic environment results
from natural, industrial, domestic and agricultural activities. Their presence
may be due to the degradation or decomposition of natural organic matter
present in the water, through the disposal of industrial and domestic wastes
into water bodies and through runoffs from agricultural lands.
These chemicals, upon entry into the water, have the tendency of
undergoing transformations into other moieties that can even be more
harmful than the original compounds.
This transformation is normally due to their interaction with physical,
chemical and biological or microbial factors in the water.

61. Phenolic compounds have been enlisted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
and the European Union (EU) as pollutants of priority concern. This enlistment is due to the fact that
these chemicals are noted to be toxic and have severe short‐ and long‐term effects on humans and
animals.
The occurrence of phenolic compounds in the aquatic environment is therefore not only objectionable
and undesirable but also poses a danger as far as human health and wildlife are concerned.
As a result, a number of wastewater treatment techniques have been developed and used for the
removal of phenolic compounds from industrial, domestic and municipal wastewaters prior to their
disposal into water bodies so as to minimize the devastating effects of these chemicals on human and
aquatic lives.
Some of these techniques include extraction, polymerization, electro‐Fenton process, photo catalytic
degradation and so on. .

62. 1
2
3
4
Classification Based on Location in Plants
Phenolic compounds that are free in soluble forms in cells are
categorized as being in solution while those bound as complexes in the
cell wall, as insoluble.
Classification Based on the Number of Phenol Units
Present in the Molecule
Phenolic compounds can be grouped as simple, bi and polyphenols
depending on the number of phenol groups present in a particular
molecule.
Classification Based on Distribution in Nature
Based on their extent of distribution in nature, phenolic compounds
have been classified as being shortly distributed, widely distributed
and as polymers.
Classification Based on Carbon Chain
The integers attached to the carbon atoms bonded to the aromatic ring
(C6) represent the number of carbon atoms directly or indirectly bonded
to the aromatic ring.
Classification of Phenolic Compounds

63. Some Common Phenolic Compounds

64. Sources of Phenolic Compounds in Water
Decomposition of
organic matter
Synthesis by
microorganisms
Synthesis by
plants
Industrial waste Agricultural waste Domestic waste Municipal waste
Anthropogenic
Sources
Natural Sources

65. Toxic Effects of Phenolic Compounds on Humans
Most phenolic compounds can easily penetrate the skin through absorption and can readily be absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract of humans. Once in the system, they undergo metabolism and transform to various reactive
intermediate forms particularly quinone moieties, which can easily form covalent bonds with proteins, resulting in
their ability to exert toxic effects on humans.

66. Ion
Exchange
Oxidation
Method
Solvent
Extraction
Biological
Treatment
Steam Gas
Stripping
Analytical Treatment/ Removal Methods for Phenolic Compounds

68. Solvent
Extraction
Liquid-Liquid
Extraction
Solid Phase
Extraction

70. Abatement of Phenolic Compounds by Steam Gas Stripping
Steam stripping, also known as steam
distillation, is an affordable, one-step
solution to cleaning phenolic compounds
from plant wastewater streams. Typically,
wastewater feed streams enter a distillation
column at the top and flow downward, while
steam enters the column at the bottom and
rises. Pressure/temperature phase
differences between the steam and
phenolics allow the steam to strip the
phenolics from the water.

71. Adsorption of phenol from dilute solutions has been studied on porous and nonporous carbons, as well
as on ion-exchange resins such as Dowex Marathon, Dowex XZ, Amberlite IRA-67, AURIX-100 resins.
Ion Exchange Process for Removal of Phenolic Compounds

72. Abatement of Phenolic Compounds by Chemical Oxidation

73. Oxidizing Agents:
1. Ozone,
2. Chlorine,
3. Chlorine dioxide,
4. Chlorammines,
5. Ferrates Fe(VI) having E0
K2FeO4 = 2.2 v,
6. Permanganate Mn(VII) having E0
KmnO4 = 1.68 v,
7. Fenton reagent, H2O2 with FeSO4.
Phenol Aromatic intermediates Aliphatic acids……………..(Oxidation at Room Temp.)
Phenol Aromatic & aliphatic intermediates Carbon dioxide……………..(Oxidation at High Temp.)

74. Biological Treatment for Removal of Phenolic Compounds
Biological wastewater treatment is a useful process in which biological processes are utilized to
decompose phenolic substances. Biological treatments generally rely on fungi, bacteria,
microorganisms, nematodes, or other small organisms to break down organic wastes using normal
cellular processes. Due to the ease of use of biological treatment systems, it is commonly used as a
comparison with other phenol processing technologies. Although biological treatment provides
environmentally friendly and energy-efficient technology compared to physiochemical treatment, the
presence of toxic or bio pollutants in the treated water can inhibit biological reactions and is not feasible
for high phenol concentrations. It has been reported that the biological treatment of phenol removal was
economical and practical at a low concentration of phenol. However, phenol or its derivatives can also
cause deflocculation, resulting in settling problems in the clarifier. Thus, in order to achieve satisfactory
phenol removal efficiency, the phenol concentration needs to be kept below the threshold of 420 mg/L
and adjustment of microorganisms to wastewater must be fulfilled.

75. Aspergillus niger, Penicillium griseofulvum, Aspergillus terreus, Acinetobacter lwoffii degrade phenol and
phenolic compounds but the optimum degradation occur within 5-7 days.

76. Aerobic & Anaerobic Biodegradation of Phenol
Aerobic Biodegradation Anaerobic Biodegradation

77. By using Activated Sludge Process