Uttiya Chattopadhyay, A scholar of Visva Bharati

1. VISVA BHARATI, GEOGRAPHY DEPT

8. Uluru a major attraction in the Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park
(Australia) is a spectacular example of an "inselberg", a huge outcrop
of sandstone protruding through the desert dunes. It is a remnant,
formed as the surrounding rock eroded away over millions of years.
The ancient landscape was partially buried by river sediments, only
leaving high points such as Uluru and Kata Tjuta exposed.

11. Longitudinal dunes (also called
Seif dunes, after the Arabic word
for "sword"), elongate parallel to
the prevailing wind, possibly
caused by a larger dune having its
smaller sides blown away. Seif
dunes are sharp-crested and are
common in the Sahara.

12. Akle (fish scale) dunes

13. Playa (plural playas) may refer to Sink (Geography), also known
as an alkali flat or sabkha, a desert basin with no outlet which
periodically fills with water to form a temporary lake or Dry
Lake, commonly called a playa in the southwest US and
Mexico.
PLAYA

14. Tafoni (singular: tafone) are small cave-like features found in granular rock such as sandstone, granite, and
sandy-limestone with rounded entrances and smooth concave walls, often connected, adjacent, and/or
networked. Currently favored explanations controlling their formation include salt weathering, differential
cementation, structural variation in permeability, wetting-drying, and freezing-thawing cycles, variability in
lithology, case hardening and core softening, and/or micro-climate changes and variation (i.e. moisture
availability). Tafoni have also been called fretting, stonelace, stone lattice, honeycomb weathering, and alveolar
weathering. found in the Thar Desert, Petra, Jordan, Coastal California and Australia.
HOLE WITH 20 – 100 MILIMETRE DIAMETRE IS ALVEOLE
HOLE WITH 1 METRE DIAMETRE IS TAFFONI

16. meaning “ at the foot of the mountains ”

17. V-SHAPED RIVER

20. RAPID
CASCADE
CATARACT

21. INTERLOCKING SPUR

24. RIVER TERRACE

26. OXBOW LAKE

27. Niger (Nigeria), Nile
river delta
Ebro (Spain), Tiber ( Italy)

28. ARCUATE DELTA
Fan shaped delta
or
Curved like a bow

29. CUSPATE DELTA
Triangular or tooth like
shape

37. CREVASSE

39. A horn, also called an aiguille or pyramidal
peak, is a sharp, steep-sided mountain peak
that has been chiseled out by the action of
glacial ice and the freeze/thaw process.
A very famous example of a peak like this is
the Matterhorn, on the border between
Switzerland and Italy.

41. TRUNCATED SPUR

42. Whaleback is a bedrock knoll smoothed and rounded on all
sides by a glacier

43. A classic example of a hanging valley into Yosemite Valley (U.S.A, California)here in Yosemite National
Park. Main glacial valley is in the middle (pink area) and the hanging valley (tributary glacial valley) is
outlined in yellow.
Bridal Veil Falls

46. PATERNOSTER LAKE
(Lake in glacial stair)
Sometimes Interconnected Tarns in a stream valley are also referred to as Paternoster lakes

48. Nunatak
Mountain or hill top which is free of ice in the permafrost or glacier covered land. In Eskimo
or Inuit language nunatak means “ Ice-free Land”.

49. SERAC
A serac is a block or column of glacial ice, often formed by
intersecting crevasses on a glacier. Commonly house-sized or larger, they are
dangerous to mountaineers since they may topple with little warning. Even
when stabilized by persistent cold weather, they can be an impediment to
glacier travel. On the other word, A serac is a large freestanding column of
glacial ice formed when a glacier is broken up by intersecting crevasses.

50. A jökulhlaup ( (literally 'glacier run') is a glacial outburst flood. It is an Icelandic term that has been
adopted by the English language. It originally referred to the well-known subglacial outburst floods,
which are triggered by geothermal heating and occasionally by a volcanic subglacial eruption, but it
is now used to describe any large and abrupt release of water from a subglacial or proglacial
lake/reservoir.

52. a long, narrow cut or depression in a hard material
SYNONYMS-FURROW,CHANNEL,TROUGH,CANAL ETC

53. A long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs, as in Norway, typically formed
by submergence of a glaciated valley.

55. A kame is a geomorphological feature, an irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of
sand, gravel and till that accumulates in a depression on a retreating glacier, and is then
deposited on the land surface with further melting of the glacier. Kames are often
associated with kettles, and this is referred to as kame and kettle topography.

56. KAME TERRACE

58. Meaning -not even or regular in
pattern or movement; unpredictable.
In Geology -a rock or boulder that
differs from the surrounding rock
and is believed to have been
brought from a distance by glacial
action.

60. The word Esker is derived from the old Irish Gaelic eiscir,
meaning “ridge of gravel.” Eskers are formed from meltwater
flowing in channels along zones of weakness at the base of
glaciers.

61. Knock and Lochan Landscapes
a glacially-scoured lowland area which displays alternating roches
moutonnées (cnoc: a small rock hill in Gaelic) and eroded hollows
often containing small lakes (lochans). Fracturing often
determines the locations of linear valleys and rock basins.

62. Sastrugi, or zastrugi, are sharp irregular grooves or ridges formed
on a snow surface by wind erosion, saltation of snow particles,
and deposition, and found in polar and temperate snow regions.

63. MOULIN
(En-glacial Feature)
A moulin or glacier mill is a roughly circular, vertical to nearly vertical well-like shaft within
a glacier through which water enters from the surface. The term is derived from the French
word for mill.
They can be up to 10 metres wide and are typically found at a flat area of a glacier in a
region of transverse crevasses.]Moulins can reach the bottom of the glacier, hundreds of
metres deep, or may only reach the depth of common crevasse formation (about 10–40 m)
where the stream flows englacially. They are the most typical cause for the formation of a
glacier cave.

64. BOULDER CLAY

66. A col in the geographic (as opposed to meteorological) sense is
a geomorphological term referring to the lowest point on a
mountain ridge between two peaks. It may also be called a
notch, a gap or a saddle.

68. In geology and geomorphology, a hogback is a long narrow ridge or series of hills with a narrow crest
and steep slopes of nearly equal inclination on both flanks. Typically, this term is restricted to a ridge
created by the differential erosion of outcropping, steeply dipping (greater than 30° - 40°),
homoclinal, typically sedimentary strata. One side, its backslope, of a hogback consists of the surface
(bedding plane) of steeply dipping rock stratum, which is called a "dip slope." Its other side, its
escarpment or "frontslope" or "scarp slope", is an erosion face that cuts through the dipping strata that
comprises the hogback.

69. In general usage, a cuesta is a hill or ridge with a gentle, less than 5°, slope on one side, its
backslope, and a steep slope, its frontslope, on the other. In geology and geomorphology, cuesta
refers specifically to an asymmetric ridge with a long and gentle backslope, called a dip slope, that
conforms with the dip of a resistant stratum or strata, called caprock, that form it and a steeper or
even cliff-like frontslope (escarpment) that is formed by the outcrop of the caprock. The
escarpment cuts through the dipping strata that comprises the cuesta. The term cuesta is derived
from (from Spanish: "flank or slope of a hill; hill, mount, sloping ground").
CUESTA

70. formed by coalescing of several alluvial fans
FOUND IN SEMI ARID OR ARID AREA

71. Wadi, is the Arabic term, refers to a dry (ephemeral) riverbed that contains water only
during times of heavy rain or simply an intermittent stream.

72. A hamada (Arabic) is a type of desert landscape consisting of high, largely barren, hard,
rocky plateaus, with very little sand because this has been removed by deflation.

73. a small hill in a generally flat area
A monadnock or inselberg is an isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises
abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain. In southern and
southern-central Africa, a similar formation of granite is known as a kopje, a Dutch word
("little head") from which the Afrikaans word koppie was derived

74. BORNHARDT
A bornhardt is a dome-shaped, steep-sided, bald rock outcropping at least 30 metres (100
ft) in height and several hundred metres in width. A type of inselberg, bornhardts are
typically composed of granites or gneisses.

79. Karst fenster is a geomorphic feature formed from the dissolution of carbonate bedrock
where a spring emerges then the discharge abruptly disappears into a sinkhole. The word
fenster is German for 'window', as these features are windows into the karst landscape.

80. PONOR
The underground tunnels created by chemical weathering in karst region joining the
surface holes ( sink hole, swallow hole etc).

81. H U M S
Karst inselberg. Residual hill of limestone on a fairly level floor, such as the isolated
hills of limestone in poljes. In some tropical areas, used loosely as synonym for mogote

82. STALAGTITE STALAGMITE
HELICTITE PILAR

83. BLIND VALLEY & DRY VALLEY IN KARST

85. KARST landscapes consist of limestone areas that have been sculpted by a combination
of erosion and chemical dissolution to form dramatic topographies such as that typified
by the Cockpit Country. Erosion of the limestone has created a dramatic topography of
rounded peaks and steep-sided, star-shaped, depressions known as .Cockpit karst.
COCKPIT KARST

86. In geography and geology, a cliff is a vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs
are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering
that produce them.

88. NATURAL ARCH, STACK & STUMP

89. GEO AND GLOUP

91. TOMBOLO

92. CAVE

93. SPIT
COSATAL LAND
HOOKED SPIT
COSATAL LAND
LOOPED SPIT

94. Costal Dunes

96. A ria is a coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of an unglaciated river valley. It
is a drowned river valley that remains open to the sea. Typically, rias have a dendritic,
treelike outline although they can be straight and without significant branches. This
pattern is inherited from the dendritic drainage pattern of the flooded river valley.

97. Range of highland parallel to the coast, mostly found in Adriatic sea.

98. a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial erosion. The
word comes to English from Norwegian, but related words are used in several
Nordic languages, in many cases to refer to any long narrow body of water
other than the more specific meaning it has in English. There are many fjords
on the coasts of Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Alaska, British Columbia and Chile.

99. BOUDINAGE
Boudinage is a geological term for
structures formed by extension, where a
rigid tabular body such as Hornfels, is
stretched and deformed amidst less
competent surroundings. The competent
bed begins to break up, forming
sausage-shaped boudins

100. Coulee (or coulée) is applied rather loosely to different landforms, all of which refer to a
kind of valley or drainage zone. The word coulee comes from the Canadian French coulée,
from French word couler meaning "to flow". The term is often used interchangeably in
the Great Plains for any number of water features, fromponds to creeks. In
southern Louisiana the word coulée (also spelled coolie) originally meant a gully or ravine
usually dry or intermittent but becoming sizable during rainy weather. As stream channels
were dredged or canalized, the term was increasingly applied to perennial streams,
generally smaller than bayous. The term is also used for small ditches or canals in the
swamp.
COULEE

101. TALUS
The sloping mass of fragments at the foot of a cliff.
Talus cone
Scree is small gravel like size, talus are large rock/boulder size

102. Table Mountain is a flat-topped mountain forming a prominent landmark overlooking the
city of Cape Town in South Africa, and is featured in the Flag of Cape Town and other local
government insignia. Cape Town is South Africa is very famous for its Table Mountains
which has three peaks, namely, Table Peaks, Devil Peaks and Fake Peak.
TABLE MOUNTAIN

103. THANK YOU