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How to Share &
Publish Data:
Resources, Law,
and Policy
UC Berkeley Library
Research Data Management &
Office of Scholarly Communication Services
Erin Foster
Rachael Samberg
Anna Sackmann
Timothy Vollmer
1 December 2020
3 keys
to data
publishing
success
1. Understand how and where
to publish data
2. Understand rights to reuse &
republish other people’s data
3. Understand applicable law &
policy before publishing your
own data
How & where
to publish
data
1
Publishing Lifecycle
(adapted from University of Winnipeg)
Creation
Evaluation
Publication
Dissemination
& Access
Preservation
Reading /
Reuse
Topic is conceived proposed,
funded, pursued
Project is reviewed
for quality
Publisher edits,
provides layout, other
services
Works are distributed
Copies or versions
are saved for
posterity
Works are read,
cited, recombined
Data Sharing
Boosts
Metrics
Author-
level
Journal-
level
Article-
level
Data, code,
& software
Alt-metrics
● Publications
● Citations
● Journals
● Citations
● Bookmarks
● Social media
● Views & downloads
● “Impact”
● Citations
● Reputation
● Citations
● Dataset downloads
● Github forks
● “Attention”
● All outputs
Data Sharing
Increases
Discovery
Data Sharing
Spectrum
Public access
Controlled access
Collaborative access
Restricted access
How & Where to
Share Data
How & Where to
Share Data
Make your data FAIR
- Findable
- Accessible
- Interoperable
- Reusable
When to share
data
Rights to reuse
and republish
other people’s
data
2
Article
Data
Choices
Matter
Controlling an organic synthesis robot
with machine learning to search for new reactivity
[Y]ou grant each User of GitHub a nonexclusive, worldwide
license to use, display, and perform Your Content through
the GitHub Service and to reproduce Your Content solely
on GitHub
... You may grant further rights if you adopt a license.
GitHub Terms of Service
https://help.github.com/articles/github-terms-of-service/#d-user-generated-content
Creative Commons
Attribution License
Data Use Agreement
Database Agreement
Website Terms of Use
“If I’m using other
people’s outputs, can’t
I just cite the source?
Can’t people using my
data just cite me?”
Attribution
License
What is copyright?
Exclusive rights to make
certain uses
of original expression
for limited period of time
Exclusive Rights
● Reproduction
● Derivative works
● Distribution
● Public performance
● Public display
Hans Meltofte, et al. (2013) Arctic Biodiversity
Assessment. Status and Trends in Arctic
Biodiversity
Limited Period
● Varies, but at least
author’s life + 70 years
● Within “protected”
period, you need
author’s permission to
reproduce, display,
perform, etc.
Photo by Luis Alfonso Orellana on Unsplash
Photo by Jon Tyson on Unsplash
If copyright gives authors
exclusive rights for so long, how
can we ever use anything?
Protects expression,
not ideas or facts
https://thesocietypages.org/toolbox/police-killing-of-blacks/
Limitations
Other limitations: The Public Domain
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WORKS EXPIRED COPYRIGHT
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/100/100-h/100-h.htm
https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/explore-automotive-t
rends-data#DetailedData
https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b271432
So if something *is* protected,
we have to get permission
to use it?
“The fair use of a copyrighted
work…for purposes such as
criticism, comment, news
reporting, teaching…,
scholarship, or research, is
not an infringement of
copyright.”
17 U.S.C. § 107
Carlos Gonzalez | Star Tribune via AP file
FOUR-FACTOR BALANCING TEST
1. Purpose & character of use
Nonprofit educational more likely fair than
commercial; “transformativeness” dominates.
2. Nature of copyrighted work
More likely fair if you’re using factual or
scholarly work.
3. Amount and substantiality
Size & importance of portion used in
relation to whole.
4. Effect on potential market
Less likely fair if use supplants market for
purchasing/licensing original.
Carlos Gonzalez | Star Tribune via AP file
Agreements that affect
what you can do
Data Use Agreement
Database Agreement
Website Terms of Use
American Institute of Physics License Agreement
Authorized Users may use the Licensed Materials to perform and
engage in text and/or data mining activities for academic research,
scholarship, and other educational purposes and may utilize and share
the findings of text and/or data mining, but not the text or data itself, in
their scholarly work and make the findings available for use by others,
so long as it does not create a product for use by third parties that
would substitute for the Licensed Materials.
PubMed Central Restrictions on Systematic Downloading of Articles
Bulk downloading of articles from the main PMC web site, in any way, is
prohibited because of copyright restrictions.
PMC has two auxiliary services that may be used for automated retrieval
and downloading of a special subset of articles from the PMC archive. These
two services, the PMC OAI service and the PMC FTP service, are the only
services that may be used for automated downloading of articles in PMC.
Articles that are available through the PMC OAI and FTP services are still
protected by copyright but are distributed under a Creative Commons or
similar license that generally allows more liberal use than a traditional
copyrighted work. Please refer to the license statement in each article for
specific terms of use. The license terms are not identical for all the articles.
PubMed Central, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright/
Tips for Using Other People’s Data
Are you just using facts?
● Quantitative vs. qualitative
● Expressive vs. non-descriptive
Data sets can have layers of ©
● Take note of compilations of facts &
organizational structures
Don’t forget about fair use
Check for agreements & licenses
● Databases, Terms of service, data use
agreements
● Pre-applied licenses
Law & policy
affecting your
own rights
3
What’s yours
depends on...
1. Employment status
2. Institutional policy
3. Funder agreements
1. Employment
status
https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ30.pdf
2. Institutional
copyright & data
policies
● Copyright Ownership Policy
● Ownership of Course Materials Policy
● Academic Personnel Manual 020 (includes data
sharing policy)
3. Funder
agreements
https://www.gatesfoundation.org/How-We-Work/General
-Information/Open-Access-Policy
“The foundation will
require that data
underlying the
published research
results be immediately
accessible and open.”
Other policy
considerations
before you
publish
PRIVACYPrivacy
- Protect the people in the work
- Federal (e.g. FERPA & HIPAA)
- State (e.g. intrusion, private facts, false
light, appropriation of likeness)
Important Limitations:
- Death
- Unidentifiable
- Newsworthiness
- Permission
e.g.
Public Interest
PRIVACYEthics
An approach to consider:
Does the value to
researchers, the public, or
cultural communities
outweigh the potential for
harm or exploitation of
people, resources, or
knowledge?
How to apply a license to your
own work
CC0
(Waiver)
CC-BY
(License)
Use Open, Standard Licenses
Creative Commons
MIT License & GNU
General Public Licenses
For software; essentially CC-BY
Choosing a license: avoid ambiguity
https://chooser-beta.creativecommons.org/
If no ©, skip
Facts are in the
public domain
Repositories have policies
https://datadryad.org/stash/best_practices
Questions?
Office of Scholarly
Communication Services
schol-comm@berkeley.edu
lib.berkeley.edu/scholcomm
@UCB_scholcomm
http://ucblib.link/OSCS-Youtube
Research Data Management
Program
researchdata@berkeley.edu
https://researchdata.berkeley.edu

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How to share and publish data: resources, law, and policy

  • 1. How to Share & Publish Data: Resources, Law, and Policy UC Berkeley Library Research Data Management & Office of Scholarly Communication Services Erin Foster Rachael Samberg Anna Sackmann Timothy Vollmer 1 December 2020
  • 2. 3 keys to data publishing success 1. Understand how and where to publish data 2. Understand rights to reuse & republish other people’s data 3. Understand applicable law & policy before publishing your own data
  • 3. How & where to publish data 1
  • 4. Publishing Lifecycle (adapted from University of Winnipeg) Creation Evaluation Publication Dissemination & Access Preservation Reading / Reuse Topic is conceived proposed, funded, pursued Project is reviewed for quality Publisher edits, provides layout, other services Works are distributed Copies or versions are saved for posterity Works are read, cited, recombined
  • 5. Data Sharing Boosts Metrics Author- level Journal- level Article- level Data, code, & software Alt-metrics ● Publications ● Citations ● Journals ● Citations ● Bookmarks ● Social media ● Views & downloads ● “Impact” ● Citations ● Reputation ● Citations ● Dataset downloads ● Github forks ● “Attention” ● All outputs
  • 7. Data Sharing Spectrum Public access Controlled access Collaborative access Restricted access
  • 8. How & Where to Share Data
  • 9. How & Where to Share Data Make your data FAIR - Findable - Accessible - Interoperable - Reusable
  • 11. Rights to reuse and republish other people’s data 2
  • 13. Controlling an organic synthesis robot with machine learning to search for new reactivity
  • 14. [Y]ou grant each User of GitHub a nonexclusive, worldwide license to use, display, and perform Your Content through the GitHub Service and to reproduce Your Content solely on GitHub ... You may grant further rights if you adopt a license. GitHub Terms of Service https://help.github.com/articles/github-terms-of-service/#d-user-generated-content
  • 16. Data Use Agreement Database Agreement Website Terms of Use
  • 17. “If I’m using other people’s outputs, can’t I just cite the source? Can’t people using my data just cite me?” Attribution License
  • 18. What is copyright? Exclusive rights to make certain uses of original expression for limited period of time
  • 19. Exclusive Rights ● Reproduction ● Derivative works ● Distribution ● Public performance ● Public display Hans Meltofte, et al. (2013) Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and Trends in Arctic Biodiversity
  • 20. Limited Period ● Varies, but at least author’s life + 70 years ● Within “protected” period, you need author’s permission to reproduce, display, perform, etc. Photo by Luis Alfonso Orellana on Unsplash Photo by Jon Tyson on Unsplash
  • 21. If copyright gives authors exclusive rights for so long, how can we ever use anything?
  • 22. Protects expression, not ideas or facts https://thesocietypages.org/toolbox/police-killing-of-blacks/ Limitations
  • 23. Other limitations: The Public Domain FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WORKS EXPIRED COPYRIGHT http://www.gutenberg.org/files/100/100-h/100-h.htm https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/explore-automotive-t rends-data#DetailedData https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b271432
  • 24. So if something *is* protected, we have to get permission to use it?
  • 25. “The fair use of a copyrighted work…for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching…, scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.” 17 U.S.C. § 107 Carlos Gonzalez | Star Tribune via AP file
  • 26. FOUR-FACTOR BALANCING TEST 1. Purpose & character of use Nonprofit educational more likely fair than commercial; “transformativeness” dominates. 2. Nature of copyrighted work More likely fair if you’re using factual or scholarly work. 3. Amount and substantiality Size & importance of portion used in relation to whole. 4. Effect on potential market Less likely fair if use supplants market for purchasing/licensing original. Carlos Gonzalez | Star Tribune via AP file
  • 27. Agreements that affect what you can do Data Use Agreement Database Agreement Website Terms of Use
  • 28. American Institute of Physics License Agreement Authorized Users may use the Licensed Materials to perform and engage in text and/or data mining activities for academic research, scholarship, and other educational purposes and may utilize and share the findings of text and/or data mining, but not the text or data itself, in their scholarly work and make the findings available for use by others, so long as it does not create a product for use by third parties that would substitute for the Licensed Materials.
  • 29. PubMed Central Restrictions on Systematic Downloading of Articles Bulk downloading of articles from the main PMC web site, in any way, is prohibited because of copyright restrictions. PMC has two auxiliary services that may be used for automated retrieval and downloading of a special subset of articles from the PMC archive. These two services, the PMC OAI service and the PMC FTP service, are the only services that may be used for automated downloading of articles in PMC. Articles that are available through the PMC OAI and FTP services are still protected by copyright but are distributed under a Creative Commons or similar license that generally allows more liberal use than a traditional copyrighted work. Please refer to the license statement in each article for specific terms of use. The license terms are not identical for all the articles. PubMed Central, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright/
  • 30. Tips for Using Other People’s Data Are you just using facts? ● Quantitative vs. qualitative ● Expressive vs. non-descriptive Data sets can have layers of © ● Take note of compilations of facts & organizational structures Don’t forget about fair use Check for agreements & licenses ● Databases, Terms of service, data use agreements ● Pre-applied licenses
  • 31. Law & policy affecting your own rights 3
  • 32. What’s yours depends on... 1. Employment status 2. Institutional policy 3. Funder agreements
  • 34. 2. Institutional copyright & data policies ● Copyright Ownership Policy ● Ownership of Course Materials Policy ● Academic Personnel Manual 020 (includes data sharing policy)
  • 35. 3. Funder agreements https://www.gatesfoundation.org/How-We-Work/General -Information/Open-Access-Policy “The foundation will require that data underlying the published research results be immediately accessible and open.”
  • 38. - Protect the people in the work - Federal (e.g. FERPA & HIPAA) - State (e.g. intrusion, private facts, false light, appropriation of likeness) Important Limitations: - Death - Unidentifiable - Newsworthiness - Permission
  • 41. An approach to consider: Does the value to researchers, the public, or cultural communities outweigh the potential for harm or exploitation of people, resources, or knowledge?
  • 42. How to apply a license to your own work
  • 43. CC0 (Waiver) CC-BY (License) Use Open, Standard Licenses Creative Commons MIT License & GNU General Public Licenses For software; essentially CC-BY
  • 44. Choosing a license: avoid ambiguity https://chooser-beta.creativecommons.org/ If no ©, skip Facts are in the public domain
  • 46. Questions? Office of Scholarly Communication Services schol-comm@berkeley.edu lib.berkeley.edu/scholcomm @UCB_scholcomm http://ucblib.link/OSCS-Youtube Research Data Management Program researchdata@berkeley.edu https://researchdata.berkeley.edu