Emergency Nursing is a nursing speciality in which nurses care for patients in the emergency or critical phase of their illness or injury.

1. EMERGENCY NURSING
AND
DISASTER NURSING

2. Emergency nursing is one of the most challenging
specialties in nursing. It requires nurses to manage
ambiguity(quality) and rapid changes in pace and intensity
of work.
Emergency nursing deals with human responses to any tr
auma or sudden illness that requires immediate interventio
n to prevent imminent severe damage or death
INTRODUCTION

3. DEFINITION
Emergency nursing-Is define as the nursing
specialty in which nurses are care for pt. In
emergency or critical phase of their illness or injury

4. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY
NURSING
•Florence Nightingale was the first emergency nurse, providing care
to the wounded in the Crimean War in 1854.
•The Emergency Department Nurses Association (EDNA) was organi
zed in 1970
•A competencybased examination, first administered in 1980, provi
des Certification in Emergency Nursing; certification is valid for 4 ye
ars
•EDNA developed Standards of Emergency Nursing Practice, publish
ed in 1983, to be used as a guideline for excellence and outcome
criteria against which performance is measured and evaluated.
•In 1985, the Association name was changed to Emergency Nurses A
ssociation (ENA),.

5. CONCEPT OF EMERGENCY NURSING
•The term emergency is used for those patients who require
immediate action to prevent further deteriorations or
stabilizing the condition until the availability of the services
close to the patients.
•“Emergency has been defined as a condition determined
clinically or considered by the patient or his/her relatives as
requiring urgent medical services, failing which, it could result in
loss of life or limb”.-WHO
•Medical emergency is a situation when patient requires
urgent & high quality medical care to prevent loss of life or limb
and/or to initiate action for the restoration of normal healthy
life.

6. •Emergency care can be defined as the episodic and
crisis-oriented care provided to patients with
conditions ranging from minor to serious or life-
threatening injuries or illnesses.
•Emergency management traditionally refers to
urgent and critical care needs; however, the ED has
increasingly been used for non-urgent problems, and
emergency management has broadened to include the
concept that an emergency is whatever the patient or
family considers it to be
•Emergency nursing is a specialty within the field of
professional nursing focusing on the care of patients
with medical emergencies, that is, those who require
prompt medical attention to avoid long-term
disability or death.

7. PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY NURSING
1. Guiding principles for emergency care
•Quick assessment of the casualty and situation
•Keep casualty in dorsal position and cover his/her body
with whatever cloth is available to prevent heat loss.
•Give first aid to the injured part.
•Observed and keep a medical record of the casualty’s.
•Reassurance should be given to the victim and relatives
that he/she is in safe hands.
•Prevent people crowding near the victim; allow fresh air
to circulate around the victim.
•Do not give water to drink to the victims with
abdominal injuries may requiring immediate surgery.
•Make arrangements for safe transportation to hospital
after first aid.

8. 2.Principles of emergency management
•Maintain patent airway & provide adequate ventilation.
•Control hemorrhage & its consequences
•Evaluate and restore cardiac output
•Prevent and treat shock, maintain or restore effective circulation
•Carry out a rapid initial and ongoing physical examination
•Assess the patient consciousness, whether the patient can follow
commands or not, evaluate the size & reactivity of pupils.
•Start ECG monitoring if appropriate
•Apply Splint(a strip of rigid material used for supporting and
immobilizing a broken bone when it has been set.) of suspected
fractures sites including cervical spines in patients with head
injuries
•Protect wounds with sterile dressings
•Start a flow sheet of patient’s vital sign, neurological state, to guide
in decision-making.

9. SCOPE AND PRACTICE OF EMERGENCY
NURSING
1. The emergency nurse has had special training, education, experience,
and expertise in assessing and identifying health care problems in
emergency & crisis situations.
2. The emergency nurse establishes priorities, monitors and
continuously assesses acutely ill and injured patients, supports and
attends to families, supervises allied health personnel, and teach the
patients and families within a time-limited, high-pressured care
environment.
3. Nursing interventions are accomplished interdependently in
consultation with or under the direction of a licensed physician.
4. The emergency health care staff members work as a team in
performing the highly technical, hands-on skills required to care for
patients in an emergency situation.

10. EMERGENCY NURSES
Emergency nurses also deal with non-emergent populations that present
with non-life threatening issues as well. Patients that present to the
Emergency Department may range from birth to geriatric.
Qualities of Emergency Nurse
•The Nurses working in Emergency or trauma units must have
specialized skills in handling emergencies. Some of these
skills are:
•Observation and assessment skills
•Quick decision making skills
•Patient care skills in emergency situations.
•Emotional stability
•Self-confidence with ability to lead and control the patients
as well as attendants.
•Recording and reporting skills.

11. Roles of the Emergency Nurse
1. Care provider: provides comprehensive direct
care to the patient and family.
2. Educator: provides patient and family with educat
ion based on their learning needs and the severity
of the situation and allows the patient to assume
more responsibility for meeting health care needs.
3. Manager: coordinates activities of others in the
multidisciplinary team to achieve the specific
goal of providing emergency care
4. Advocate: ensures protection of the patient’s
rights

12. Functions of the Emergency Nurse
1.Uses triage to determine priorities based on assessm
ent and anticipation of the patient’s needs
2.Provides direct measures to resuscitate, if necessary
3.Provides preliminary care before the patient is transf
erred to the primary care area
4.Provides health education to the patient and family
5.Supervises patient care and ancillary personnel
6.Provides support and protection for the patient and
family

13. QUALIFICATIONS OF AN EMERGENCY NURSE
1. An emergency nurse is a registered nurse with specialize
d education and experience in caring for emergency patie
nts.
2. Emergency nurses continually update their education to s
tay informed of the latest trends, issues, and procedures i
n medicine today.
3. Many take aspecial examination that proves their level of
knowledge. After successful completion of this exam, th
ey are certified in emergency nursing.

14. SOME ADDITION
QUALIFICATION FOR EN
1. ACLS
2. ATLS
3. ENPC
4. MICN
5. PHEC
6. TNCC

15. TYPES OF EMERGENCY NURSING
Nursing is a skill based profession in which they are trained in
decision making and management of healthcare. There are more than
10 types of different nursing professionals in which they are expertise
in different areas and provided with skill based training. They are the
leading healthcare providers in all the aspects.
•Gastroenterology emergency nursing
•Palliative care emergency nursing
•Occupational emergency nursing
•Peri anaesthesia emergency nursing
•Respiratory emergency nursing
•Perinatal emergency nursing
•Pulmonary emergency nursing
•Dialysis/Nephrological emergency nursing

16. 1. Gastroenterology is the study of the normal function
and diseases of the esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, colon and rectum, pancreas, gallbladder,
bile ducts and liver.
2. Palliative care is specialized medical care for people
living with a serious illness. This type of care is
focused on providing relief from the symptoms and
stress of the illness. The goal is to improve quality
of life for both the patient and the family.
3. Occupational health nurses work to prevent,
investigate, and treat workplace-related illnesses and
injuries.
4. Perianesthesia nursing is a nursing specialty practice
area concerned with providing nursing care to
patients undergoing or recovering from anesthesia.

17. 5.The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues
that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood
vessels.
6. Perinatal care is the time before and after birth.
7. relating to the lungs.
8. relating to the kidney.

18. TYPES OF EMERGENCY
DEPARTMENTS
there are different kinds of emergency departments:-
•Trauma
•Stroke
•Cardiac
•Burn
•Neuro
•Disaster Response
•Military
•Pediatric
•Adult
•Geriatric

19. DIFFERENT SETTINGS FOR EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS:
Critical access
Remote settings with very few resources
Rural areas
Moderately remote areas with more resources within A few hours by road or
air
Community settings
Mid-size cities with A moderate amount of resources
Urban areas
Major metropolitan areas, usually A lot of resources
Teaching hospital
Large facilities associated with A university or too many resources available
Stand-alone emergency department
Available in only certain states, not physically connected with A hospital
Disaster settings
Extreme environments after A disaster, few resources, often associated with
federal or military response programs

20. Emergency Action Principles
Use to get an accident situation under control
quickly.
Survey the scene
CALL 911/ EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TEAM
Do a primary survey
A-- air way
B-- breathing
C -- c ir c u l ation
D-- disability
E-- ex p o sur e
H-- h emo r r h ag e
S-- spinalcord i n j u r y

21. AIR WAY
The airway or breathing passage is the pathway through which air
flows into your lungs. This starts from your nose and mouth, it
includes your throat, windpipe and lungs.
2 WAYS IN OPE NING THE AIRWAY
**HEAD TILT – CHIN LIFT MANEUVER
**JAW THRUST MANEUVER(The jaw-thrust maneuver is a
first aid and medical procedure used to prevent the tongue from
obstructing the upper airways. )
BREATHING:
IS THE VICTIM BREATHING? CHECK ( 3 – 5
SEC.)
L ---- LOOK,
L ---- LISTEN,
F ---- FEEL.

22. C ir c u l atio n
Is there a palpable carotid pulse for
adult and brachial pulse for child and
infant.
Check ( 10 sec. )
D i s a b i l i t y
i s there injury to the nervous and
musculoskeletal systems,stabilize
“c”-spine.

23. EX P O SU R E:
Remove victim from offending
environment. If necessary, place
tent over victim.
H E M O R RH AG E :
Look for severe blood loss, csf leak.
SPINALCORD I N J U RY :
Chec k for the sensory response,
and obviou s deformity on the
spine.

24. Triage
Categories of severity
Black / Expectant
–Last priority**Dead person
Red / Immediate
**first priority**"cannot wait"

25. Y E L L O W /O B S E R VATIO N
**2ND PRIORITY**
Their condition is stable for the moment
but requires watching.
G R EE N /WAIT (WAL KING
WOU NDE D)*
*3RD PRIORITY**
REQUIRE A
DOCTOR'S
WHITE/DISMISS(W
ALKINGWOUNDED)
*4th PRIORITY*
DOCTOR'SCAREISNOTREQUIRED

26. RE D
A - irway Compromise,
E - clampsia
I - mmediate Chest wounds,
O - pen fractures,
U –n Severe shock, burns
Ca - rdiac arrest,
S - pine injury cervical,
M -ultiple system trauma,
A - ltered level of consciousness

27. YE L L OW
S - table abdominal wound
E - ye
C - NS injuries
G R E E N
M - inor burns
M- inor fractures
M-inor bleeding
BLAC K
U - nresponsive
H - igh spinal cord injury

28. Shock
is a critical physical condition due to failure of the
circulatory system to maintain adequate blood flow in the
body and ceases the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to
vital organs.
BASIC CAUSES OF SHOCK
. Pump-failure Relative Hypovolemia
. Hypovolemia

29. THREE STAGES O F S H O C K
THE COMPENSATORY STAGE OF SHOCK
BP normal limits. shunted from the kidney, skin and
GIT to the vital organs- brain, liver.
 PROGRESSIVE STAGE OF SHOCK
regulate blood pressure can no longer compensate and
the mean arterial The overworked heart becomes
dysfunctional.
 IRREVERSIBLE STAGE OF SHOCK
there is severe organ damage that patients do not
respond anymore to treatment. Survival is almost
impossible

30. TYPES OF SHOCK
1. CARDIOGENIC – Heart stop to pump due to heart dse.
2. ANAPHYLACTIC --- S evere allergic reaction
3. HYPOVOLEMIC --- S evere fluid loss.
4.PSYCHOGENIC --- Cause by anxiety, fears, altered
adaptation in traumatic experience.
5.NEUROGENIC --- Cause by spinal fracture or
dislocation.
6. METABOLIC --- Loss of body fluids.
7. RESPIRATORY ---- Air way obstruction and
hyperventilation.
8. SEPTIC --- S evere bacterial infection.

31. S IGN S AND SYMPTOMS
Early Stage:
Pallor/cyanosis,
Cold/clammy skin,
Shallow and irregular breathing,
Rapid and weak pulse,
Dilated pupil. Thirst,
Late Stage:
Vacant eye,
Apathetic/unresponsive,
Decreased blood pressure,
Decreased temperature.
Mottled appearance,

32. TRIAD SYMPTOMS O F S H O C K
Hypo - tension;
Tachy - cardia
Tachy - pnea
Consciousness Altered
Nsg Dx:
FLD VOLUME DEFICIT r/t dec in blood Vol.
Priority Intervention:
Fld replacement (D5Lr, NSS. Bld Trans)

33. BODY R E S P O N S E TO
S H O C K
Hyven - Hyper ventilation ->
Respiratory alkalosis
Flu - Fluid Shifts Intracellular to
intracellular
V - Vasoconstriction
CT - Tachycardia
IM - Impaired metabolism and organ
function

34. DRUGS USED TO TREAT SHOCK
C – Corticostiroids – use in septic shock protect cellmembranes and decrease
inflammatory response to stress
A – Antibiotics –infectious process related to septic shock
N - Norephineprine (levophed) improve cardiac contractility and
cardiac output potent vasoconstrictor
D – Dopamine (Intropin) perfusion of kidneys &
urine output
D - Dobutamine (Dobutrex) increase myocardial
contractility, vasodilator.
D - Digitalis preparation improve cardiac performance
I - Isoproterenol (Isuprel)increase myocardial contractility
S - Sodium Nitropusside Vasodilator, increase cardiac
output, use in cardiogenic shock, and hypertensive emergency.

35. E M E R G E N C Y NURSING MANAGEMENT
A - irway
P - Promote restoration of blood volume;administer fluid and
blood replacement as ordered
A - Administer drugs as ordered
M - Minimize factors contributing to shock.
Best Position-Modified trendelenburge
Promotes venous return. Hypotensive patients can benefit from this position
because it promotes venous return.
Postural drainage. Trendelenburg’s position is used to provide postural drainage of
the basal lung lobes. Watch out for dyspnea

38. WOU N D
A wound is any type of damage or
breakage on the surface of the skin. The
wounds can be due to accidents like burns,
paper cuts, skin tears or surgical, any
underlying disease, or some other skin
conditions that may develop in the wound,
for example, eczema or psoriasis.

39. Types Of Wounds
Wounds can be classified in several ways depending on the healing
time
Wounds can be open or closed.
1.Open wounds -are the wounds with exposed underlying tissue/
organs and open to the outside environment, for example,
penetrating wounds.
2.closed wounds- are the wounds that occur without any exposure
to the underlying tissue and organs.
A wound can be classified as acute or chronic depending on the
healing time.
3.Acute wounds- are those that heal without any complications in a
predicted amount of time.
4.chronic wounds are those that take a relatively long time to heal
with some complications.

40. Types of Chronic Wounds
1. Pressure Injuries - Also known as bedsores,
pressure sores, or decubitus ulcers, these wounds
cause when there is a pressure and/or shearing
force on the skin.
2. Diabetic Ulcers - These ulcers generally occur on
the feet and are a result of changes to nerves and
circulation in the body caused by diabetes. It includes
Neuropathic, Ischaemic, and Neuro-ischaemic.

41. Clean or Contaminated - Wounds can also be classified on the
basis if they are clean or contaminated.
Clean wounds are those that do not have any foreign material or
debris inside whereas contaminated wounds or infected
wounds are those that might have some dirt, bacteria, or other
foreign markets. Pressure wounds can be used as an example of
an open or closed wound depending on its current stage.
Internal or External - Wounds can also be internal or external.
Internal wounds can be due to impaired circulation, nervous
system functions, neuropathy or medical illness, or decreased
supply of blood, oxygen, or other nutrients.
external wounds can be due to an outside force or trauma
caused by penetrating objects or non-penetrating trauma.

42. Non-penetrating Wounds: These wounds are the result of
blunt trauma or friction with other surfaces. It includes:
Abrasions
Lacerations
Bruises
Concussions
Penetrating Wounds: They are the result of trauma and
break through the full thickness of the skin. It includes:
Stab wounds
Cuts
Surgical wounds etc.

43. N u r s i n g m a n a g e m e n t
i – ice application (10 – 15 min )
c -- compression ( direct pressure )
e – elevation ( above the heart )

44. E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P RO C E D U R ES :
Wash --wash the wound
Co – Control bleeding
co – Cover the wound
Lo – L ook for drop BP and TE MP.
Co – Consult a doctor

45. BRUISES, STRAINS, SPRAINS,
DISLOCATIONS.
 Use rice.
Amputation
3.
4.
Control Bleeding
Find the severed part Seek Immediate medical attention.
Chest Injuries
6.
7.
8.
9.
Check ABC
Stabilize Chest using pillow, coat or blanket.
Seek medical attention
Do not remove impaled object.
Eye injuries
1. Protect injured eye
2. Patch unaffected eye
3.Do not remove object stuck on the eye
Do not apply hard pressure

46. FRACTURE
EMERGENCY CA RE PROCEDURES:
A -- Avoid putting pressure on he affected area
R – Rest ( 20-30 min q 2 – 3 hrs. in 1st 24 – 48 hrs )
I – Ice application
S – splint ( use to stabilize )
Head and Spinal Injury
EMERGENCY CARE PROCEDURES:
S - Stabilized the spine
Co - Control bleeding
As - Asses for bladder distention.
Do - Do not irrigate or clean the skull wounds
Do - Do not stop the flow of blood or C S F from the ear or nose
N - NP O
Co - Consult a doctor

47. CLASSIFICATION
First degree: “ superficial” only involves
epithelial layer.Often very painful but resolves
With noresidual scarring. Skin is red and
Painfulbut no blisters.
Sec ond deg ree:* partial thic kness*
involves epithelium and part of dermis. Pain and
scarringvary according to depth of burn.Withblister
formation.
Third degree : *full thickness*.
Usually painless.Usually dry and have
milky white or tannedleatherappearance.

48. 
E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P R O C E D U R E S
So -- Soak in cold water/ apply cold dressing
( w/o open wound or prick blister)
1st degree do not cover w/ dressing
S O -- Soak in cold water/ apply cold dressing
Cover the wound w/ non sticky dry
sterile dressing /clean cloth
( 2nd degree w/ open wound and)
C O -- C over the wound w/ non sticky dry
sterile dressing /clean cloth
3rd degree
A – a blister has formed,
Co -- Consult you Physician.

49. CHEMICAL BURNS
Wa – wash with water for 15 min.
Kee – Keep eye open, flush with water
or milk immediately.

50. • HEAT E M E RG E N C I E S IN HUMANS
UNEXPECTED C H A N G E S IN THE WEATHER
2 BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL E M E RG E N C I E S
2E
EXPOSURE TO HEAT
EXPOSURE TO CO L D
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
** RAPID, SHALLOW BREATHING ** COLD,
CLAMMY SKIN,
**HEAVY PERSPIRATION **G E NE RAL
WEAKNESS,
** POSSIBLE LOSS O F CONSCIOUSNESS.

51. Heat Cramps
C AU S E BY ELEC T ROLY T ES IMBALANCE,
ARTICULARLY EXESIVE LOS S OF SALT.
E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P RO C E D U R ES :
Move - Move victim to a cool place.
Give - Give fluids, preferably
with electrolytes.
Massage - Massage affected muscles (firm
pressure massage).
Apply - Apply moist towels to forehead and
cramped muscles.
Call - Call for transportation to medical care
if symptoms persist.

52. HEAT S Y N C O P E
RESULT FROM INTENSE SWEATING WHICH LEAD TO DEHYDRATION FOLLOWED
BY PERRIPHERAL VASODILATION.
HEAT EXHAUSTION
HEAT EXHAUSTION IS A M O RE SERIOUS RESULT O F
HEAT EXPOSURE.
C AU S E BY ELECTROLYTES IMBALANCE,PARTICULARLY
EXESIVE LO S S O F SALT.
HEAT STROKE
C AU S E BY A EXTREME BODY TEMP. THAT THE
BODY WAS NOT ABLE TO REGULATE IT AND
RELATED ALSO TO IMPAIRED SWEATING
MECHANISM.

53. E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P R O C E D U R E S
Activate E M S system (call 911)
Move - Move victim to a cool place.
Rest - Rest victim.
Remove - Remove enough clothing to cool.
Give - Give fluids with electrolytes
(to conscious victims only).Treat for shock.
Victim - Victim needs high concentration of
oxygen.
Call - Call for transportation to definitive
medical care.

54. HYPOTHERMIA
1. Get the victim out of the cold
2. Replace wet cloths with dry warm
cloths.
3. Keep flat and provide other source of
heat.
NO. No. Things


Do not give warm drinks
Do not wrap with blanket unless with
out other source of heat.
Do not engage with physical exertion.


55. STROKE
 **occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is blocked
or bursts. Without blood and the oxygen it carries,
part of the brain starts to die.
S/S
 Numbness, weakness, or paralysis of the face, arm,
or leg, especially on one side of the body.
 Trouble seeing in one or both eyes. You may have
double vision, or things may look dim or blurry.
 Confusion or trouble understanding.
 Slurred or garbled speech.
 Trouble walking. You may feel unsteady, dizzy, or
clumsy.
 Severe headache.

56.  C auses
** thrombus/ ischemic/ clot**
Risk factors
4. Atrial fibrillation
5. Hypertension
6 . DM
7. Smoking
S/S of affected part of the Brain
Left hemisphere Right hemisphere
Language problem/
aphasia
Perceptual deficit
Pt is cautious Impulsive behavior

57.  2 type of stroke
ischemic stroke develops when a blood clot
blocks a blood vessel in the brain.
hemorrhagic stroke develops when an artery
in the brain leaks or
bursts.
TIA – Acute neurogical deficit lasting for 24 hrs.
S/S
 Pt is irritable
2. Pt appears in a deist
3. Disarchia
4 Temporary blindness

58. E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P R O C E D U R E S :
** Check for ABSDEHS**
** keep in side lying position**
**Seek immediately medical help.
SEIZURES
due to uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain
causes involuntary muscle contraction.
E M E RG E N C Y C A R E PRO C ED U R ES :
1. Do not move/stimulate the victim
2. Ensure safety “ remove all near by objects”
3.after seizure ‘’ loosen tight clothing's turn to
side’’
4. Consult a doctor

59. DIABETIC E M E R G E N C Y
E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P RO C E D U R ES :
** provide sugar (candy, soda,frit juice)
**Consult a doctor
ASTHMA
E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P RO C E D U R ES :
1. RELAXATION T E C H N I Q U E S ‘pursed lip breathing’
2. SIT Up RIGTH
3.Assist the victim in his meds.
4. Consult a doctor

60. CARDIAC ARREST
-- Occurs when the heart stop pump, or it pumps
insufficient blood causing deprivation of o2 to the
vital organs.
THREE CONDITIONS O F CARDIAC ARREST
1 . C A -- CARDIO VASCULAR COLLAP S E
2 . V E -- VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
3 . C AR -- CARDIAC STANDSTILL
Myocardial Infarction Angina Pectoris
Pain at rest Pain upon Exertion
Not Relive by Nitroglycerin Relive by Nitroglycerin
Crushing pain Same
Severe Mild
Not Relive above 15 min. Relive by rest 2 -3 min.
Severe chest pain Diaphoresis

61. E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P R O C E D U R E S
L --Limit Stressful activity
S -- Stop the victim from what his doing
O -- Open the airway
A -- Assist the victim in taking the his prescribe meds
P -- Perform C P R If – P and – B (30:2)
Priority Nx diagnosis
Decrease cardiac output
Cause of death in MI
12. Arrhythmias
13.Ventricular fibrillation
Choking
E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P R O C E D U R E S
Infant – 5 Back blows and 5 chest Thrust
Adult & Child – Heimlich maneuver, abdominal
and chest thrust.

62. Poisoning
Poisoning
Poisoning
Poisoning
Poisoning

63. ANY SUBSTANCE THAT C AUS IN G IL L N E S S OR DEATH WHEN
EATEN, DRUNK, OR ABSORBED E V E N IN RELATIVELY SMALL
QUANTITIES.
INGESTED/ SWALLOWED – BY MOUTH
E M E RG E N C Y C A R E P RO C E D U R ES :
1. SYRUP O F IP EC AC IS NOT A ROUTINE TREATMENT FO R
POISONING.
2.ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IS NOT R ECO M M E N D E D
FOR HOME
USE.
3. GIVE MILK OR WATER IMMEDIATELY
4.. POSITION THE VICTIM IN LEFT SIDE LYING.
5.IDENTIFY THE POISON AND HOW M U C H AND
WHEN TAKEN.
6 . C A L L POISON CONTROL CENTER.

64.  Inhaled – by breathing
E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P R O C E D U R E S
1. Remove the victim form the toxic
environment and into fresh air immediately.
2. Give 100% of O2
3. Call poison control center.
Injected poisoning
poison that enters the body through a bite, sting,
or syringe.
E M E RG E N C Y C A R E P RO C E D U R E S
1. Remove the stinger
2. Wash the wound
3. cold compress

65. Absorbed poisoning
E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P R O C E D U R E S
1. Remove the cloth ( cut the cloth )
2. Flash it w/ water away from the body part
3. observe for allergic reaction.

67. SNAKE BITE
1.Keep the affected area lower than the heart
2.Clean w/ soap and water
3.Splint part to reduce movement
4.Limit annescerary movement
5.Call poison control center.
Motor V
ehicleAccident
 Donotrushtogetthevictimsout,contrarytoopinion most
vehiclecrashesdonotinvolvefire

68. Internal bleeding




Check ABC
Lie on side
Treat shock
Seek medical attention
External bleeding
7. Direct wound pressure
8. Elevate
9. Pressure points
10. Tourniquet

69. AIR WAY OBSTRUCTION
1. Types
b. Anatomical b. Mechanical
2. Classification
f. Mild b. Severe
Management
8. Head tilt chin lift 2. jaw thrust
3. Heimlich 4. Chest and
abdominal thrust

70. NOSE BLEEDING
E M E R G E N C Y C A R E P R O C E D U R E S
Sit upright , head bent slightly forward, pinch the nostrils,
breath trough our mouth.
Water rescue – “Reach, Throw, Row, Go”

71. SOME OTHER MEDICAL EMERGENCY

72. 1. Bleeding
Bleeding can start from even the smallest cut and bruises.
The emergency case arises when it turns into deep cuts and
severe bruises that require immediate attention.
The condition in which you should seek emergency are:
•You cannot control the bleeding even with proper first aid
treatment.
If delay the process, then the excess loss of blood may lead
to dizziness, unwell feeling, pale face, and in some cases,
you lose your consciousness. However, if this happens, it is
a matter of urgency.

73. 2. SEIZURES OR FIT
Seizures is so common that about one among ten people
must have had a seizure once in their lifetime.
In the disease, pt. feel twitching, jerking, or shaking in
some area or the whole body, which is involuntary and
uncontrollable.
Another form of seizure is when you cannot move or
move only a minimal part of the body, and the eyes will
look into space. In this situation, the body is not able to
respond to anyone.
If a person is having a seizure, try not to stop them from
shaking unless they are at risk. After going through an
episode, it is important to rush to the doctor for proper
treatment.

74. In a heart attack, there is a sudden blockage in blood
supply, giving rise to a threatening medical emergency.
The following are the symptoms of a heart attack:
•Difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath.
•Sweating
•Severe chest pain, including chest pressure, squeezing in
the middle, and tightness.
•Pain in the left arm starting from the chest. In some cases,
the pain spread in both the arms, jaw, neck, stomach and
back.
•Sweating
•Feeling sick
•Dizziness or light-headed
3.CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCY

75. 4. STROKE
Stroke is another severe and life-threatening medical emergency. It mainly
occurs when the blood cannot reach the brain properly.
following symptom, which can be easy to remember through the acronym
FASR.
•F for face – What is the change in the face? Are you able to smile? Has the
face changed its format and drooped on one side? You can especially notice
it around the areas of the mouth and eyes.
•A for Arm – Are you able to lift both your arms? At times of stroke, at least
one of the arm gets numb.
•S for Speech – When a person is having a stroke, their speech changes and
becomes somewhat slurred, analyze whether their speech is making sense
or not. Or is the person able to understand what others are telling?
•T for time – If you see these symptoms, you should understand there is not
much time, and you should act immediately. Take medical help as soon as
possible.

76. 5. SUDDEN BREATHING PROBLEM
Some are allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, asthma
attacks, flu, COPD, and respiratory virus.
Breathing problems can also offer due to physical
activity or exercise. But if it occurs without any right
reason, it can be a medical emergency. The primary
symptoms that you can notice are:
•Feeling shortness of breath
•Noisy breathing involving the sound of a whistle or
wheeze gasp.
•Pain while taking deep breaths like in the chest.
•Fast breathing that is faster than usual.

77. 6. EYE TRAUMA
A person suffers from eye trauma when they get a
direct hit into the eye. It is because there is a blow to
the eyes, or the eye retracts, which often results in
blood clotting around the skin under the eye. The
typical symptom that you may suffer through in this
condition are:
•Bruises and pain
•Cuts
•Pain
•Limited eye movement
•Change in pupil’s size
•Blood on the eyeball.