2. Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
(IBD)
It is used to designate two chronic
inflammatory GI disorders:
1) Regional enteritis (Crohn's Disease)
2) Ulcerative Colitis:-It is very serious
and high mortality rate.
12/13/2019 2
3. Regional enteritis (Crohn's Disease)
Epidemiology;
commonly occurs in adolescents or
young adults.
It is more common in older women
population (50 and 80).
Most common affected areas are the
distal ileum and colon.
12/13/2019 3
4. Cont…d
Pathophysiologic feature of the lesion:
Subacute and chronic inflammation that
extends through all layers.
Lesions are not in continuous contact with
one another and are separated by normal
tissue.
In advanced cases, the intestinal mucosa has
a cobblestone appearance.
It is characterized by periods of
remissions and exacerbations.
12/13/2019 4
12. Ulcerative Colitis
It is a recurrent ulcerative & inflammatory disease
of the mucosal layer of the colon &rectum.
It affects superficial mucosa of the colon & is
characterized by multiple ulcerations & diffuse
inflammations which end up with shading of
colonic epithelium.
The lesions are contiguous, occurring one after the
other.
The disease process usually begins in the rectum
and spreads proximally to involve the entire colon.
12/13/2019 12
13. Cont…d
Etiology – unknown (may be
mycobacterium), and an auto
immune response to certain
predisposing factors.
Predisposing factors:-
Anxiety
Tobacco
Radiation
12/13/2019 13
20. Medical Management of Chronic
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Management depends on the disease
location, severity, and complications.
The goal of the management is: -
1.To reduce the inflammation
2.To suppress in appropriate immune
response
3.To provide rest for the diseased bowel
4.To improve quality of life and
5.To prevent complications
12/13/2019 20
21. Cont…d
Nutritional therapy
Advice to have a low residual, high protein,
high-calorie diet with supplemental vitamin
therapy & iron supplement.
Advice to take oral fluids/ IV fluids as
tolerated.
Advice to avoid any food (milk) which
exacerbate diarrhea.
Advice to avoid smoking and cold foods.
12/13/2019 21
23. Cont…d
Surgical management
The surgical procedure is termed as
proctocolectomy with ileostomy.
Indication includes;
Profuse bleeding
Perforation/Stricture forming ulcers.
Development of cancer
Lake of improvement with medical
managements.
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24. Cont…d
Nursing management
Education about diet, medications,
about management of the ostomy and
referral to support groups.
Careful monitoring, parenteral
nutrition, fluid replacement.
Emotional support if surgery is done.
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25. Comparison between UC and RE
See Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10th ed -
Brunner & Suddarth, chapter 38, page
1041, table 38-4,
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26. Intestinal obstruction
Intestinal obstruction exists when
blockage prevents the normal flow of
intestinal contents through the intestinal
tract.
It can be classified as the following:-
A) Mechanical obstruction Vs Functional
B) Small bowel Obstruction Vs Large
bowel
C) Partial Obstruction Vs Complete12/13/2019 26
27. Cont…d
Causes of Intestinal Obstructions
1) Causes of Small bowel
obstruction
Adhesion (the most common)
Surgery
Intestinal Tuberculosis
Inflammatory Condition of
intestine. 12/13/2019 27
28. Cont…d
Paralytic ileus
Hernia
Gallstones ileus
Tumor
Ascaris bolus
Intusscusption (It is the small bowel
telescopes, as if it were swallowing itself
by invagination. It is the commonest
problem in infants.)
12/13/2019 28
30. Cont…d
C/M of SBO
Sudden Colicky pain intermittent with
10 -20 minute Interval.
Initial Vomiting
Normal Stool may be passed or
bloody.
Restless, dehydration &cry
Distention is late
12/13/2019 30
31. Cont…d
2) Cause of large bowel Obstruction
Colorectal Cancer
Adhesion
Paralytic ileus
Inflammatory bowel disease
Volvulus (It is twisting of a mobile loop
bowel on its mesentery. It occurs mostly
in sigmoid colon but it can affect small
intestine & caecum.)
12/13/2019 31
33. Cont…d
Cardinal S/S of large bowel Obstruction
Colicky lower abdominal pain
Absolute Constipation ( Flatus & Feces
)
Gross abdominal distention
Nausea and Vomiting
Abdominal x-ray reveals grossly
distended 2 limbs of sigmoid colon often
with fluid - air level. 12/13/2019 33
34. Comparison of obstruction
SBO LBO
Abdominal
crampy
Vomiting early
S/S
Constipation late
sign
Abdominal
distention
Abdominal
crampy
Constipation is
early S/S
Grossly distended
abdomen
Fecal vomiting12/13/2019 34
35. Cont..d
SBO… LBO…
Diagnostic method-
Hx & P/E.
Abdominal X-ray
indicates abnormal
quantities of gas &/or
air in the bowel.
Decompression of the
bowel through NG
tube.
Diagnostic method-Hx &
P/E.
Abdominal x-rays reveals
abnormally distended
colon.
Colonoscopy may be
performed to untwist &
decompress the bowel in
high colon obstruction.
12/13/2019 35
36. Cont…d
SBO… LBO…
IV fluid ( N/S or R/L )
administered to replace
electrolyte and water.
Surgical Intervention is
needed.
More severe because
most of the GI content
are absorbed in this
part.
In lower bowel
obstruction rectal tube
may be used for
decompression.
Surgical Intervention if
it is caused by tumor
Iv fluid administration.
Minor unless necrosis
occurred. 12/13/2019 36
37. Cont…d
Diagnostic evaluation of Intestinal
Obstruction
1) Hx
2) P/E - pt is acutely sick looking
V/S: - B/P - decrease due to fluid loss &
sepsis
PR:- Tachycardia
To :-Increases if there is complication
HEENT :- dry buccal mucosa12/13/2019 37
38. Cont…d
Abdomen
Distended
Mild tenderness on palpation
Visible loop but not always
Tympanic on percussion
Bowel sound may be absent or
increase
Empty rectum or hard stool
12/13/2019 38
40. Cont…d
Medical Management:
A) General Management
Keep the patient NPO
NG tube should be inserted for small bowel
obstruction to aspirate intestinal content.
Secure IV line ( Normal Saline or ringer
Lactate )
Triple antibiotic ( Ampicillin,
Gentamycin,& CAF )
Sedation
12/13/2019 40
41. Cont…d
B) Specific RX
Sigmoid Volvulus :-
Rectal tube is inserted for deflation but
contraindicated if gangrenous.
Laparatomy.
1) If loop is viable= de-rotation
2) If gangrenous= resection &
Colostomy
12/13/2019 41
42. Hernias
Def.:-It is a protrusion of bowel through a
weak point in the musculature of the
anterior abdominal wall or an existing
opening.
Etiology
Powerful muscular effort or strain.
Weakness or defect to the wall of
abdominal cavity.
12/13/2019 42
44. Classifications of hernias
1. Based on Sites of Hernias :
I) Inguinal Hernia
The protrusion of bowel through the
weak point in the inguinal canal which
contains the spermatic cord in the male
& the round ligament in the female.
It occurs more commonly in males than
females.
12/13/2019 44
46. Cont…d
Inguinal Hernia Can be:-
A) Direct inguinal Hernia
Push their way directly forward
through posterior wall of the
inguinal canal, into a defect in the
abdominal wall.
Less common (20%).
Strangulate Rarely.
12/13/2019 46
47. Cont…d
B) Indirect inguinal Hernia
Pass through the internal inguinal
ring & then through the external
ring.
Common (80%)
Can Strangulate
12/13/2019 47
48. Cont…d
Distinguishing direct from indirect
hernias;
The best way is to reduce the hernia
& occlude the internal ring with 2
fingers. Ask the pt. to cough - if the
hernia is restrained it is indirect; if
it pops out it is direct.
12/13/2019 48
49. Cont…d
II) Femoral Hernia
More Common in women than men.
Bowel enters the femoral canal,
presenting as a mass in the upper middle
thigh or above the inguinal ligament
where it points down the leg, unlike an
inguinal hernia which points to the groin.
It is frequently strangulate & irreducible.
12/13/2019 49
50. Cont…d
III) Para-umbilical Hernias:
These occur just above or below the umbilicus.
IV) Epigastric Hernias :
These pass through linea alba above the
umbilicus.
V) Incisional Hernias:
These follow breakdown of muscle closure
after previous Surgery. If obese, repair is not
easy.
12/13/2019 50
51. Cont…d
VI) Umbilical Hernia: -
Results from failure of umbilical orifice
to close.
Occur most often in obese women &
children & in patients with cirrhosis and
ascites.
C/F:-
Only abdominal mass if not
complicated.
Bowel sound on auscultation.
12/13/2019 51
52. Cont…d
2. Based on severity
i) Reducible Hernia :- The protruding
mass can be replaced in abdomen.
ii) Irreducible Hernia :- The protruding
mass cannot be moved back into
abdomen.
iii) Incarcerated: - An irreducible hernia
in which the intestinal flow is completely
obstructed.
12/13/2019 52
53. Cont…d
IV) Strangulated: - an irreducible hernia in
which the blood & intestinal flow is
completely obstructed.
C/F of Strangulation:
Pain, vomiting
Swelling of hernial sac,fever
Lower abdominal sign of peritoneal
irritation
12/13/2019 53
54. Cont…d
Treatment
1) Mechanical ( reducible hernia only)
A truss is an appliance having a pad
that is held snugly in the hernial
orifice.
Does not cure a hernia - it prevents
abdominal contents from entering
hernial sac.
12/13/2019 54
55. Cont…d
2) Surgical
Recommended to correct the hernia before
a strangulation occurs which then becomes
on emergency situation.
I. Hernial Sac, is dissected free
II. Contents of sac, are replaced in abdominal
cavity.
12/13/2019 55
56. Cont…d
III. Neck of sac is legated
IV. Muscle and fascial layers are sawed
together firmely.
V. Strangulated hernia requires resection
of ischemic bowel in addition to
hernia repair.
12/13/2019 56
57. Disorders of the rectum
1) Haemorrhoids
Def: - It is an enlarged & congested patch of
mucosa & sub-mucosa at anorectal junction
or
Are dilated portions of veins in the anal
canal.
Sites: - at 3, 7, 11 O'clock, on lithotomy
position.
Hemorrhoid based on its site:-
1) Internal hemorrhoid (if it is above internal
sphincter.) 12/13/2019 57
58. Cont…d
C/F
Bright red blood occurring at the end of
defecation (Late)
Mass Per-rectum
Peri-anal Discomfort
Pruritus
Mucosal Discharge
12/13/2019 58
59. Cont…d
Pain when complicated
External hemorrhoids are associated
with severe pain due to
inflammation & edema caused by
thrombosis. Clotting of blood
(thrombosis) lead to necrosis &
ischemia.
Internal Haemorrhoids are painless
until they bleed.
12/13/2019 59
60. Classification of heamorhoids based on
its stage(severity)
a) 1st degree:- Bleed but no prolapsed
b) 2nd degree :- Prolapsed but reduce
spontaneously
c) 3rd degree :- but need manual
replacement
d) 4th degree :- not returned.
12/13/2019 60
62. Cont…d
Rx:
Regulating bowel by laxatives
Avoid Constipation
Advice high - residue diet that
contain fruit.
Sitz bath
12/13/2019 62
63. Cont…d
Good personal hygiene & by avoiding
excessive straining during defecation,
haemorrhoid symptoms & discomfort can
be relieved.
Non-operative Treatment:-
1) Infrared Photocoagulation (rays)
2) Bipolar Diathermy (Heat)
3) Laser Therapy
4) Injecting Sclerosing Solution
12/13/2019 63
64. Cont…d
Conservative Surgical Rx of internal
Haemorrhoid;
A) Rubber - band ligation procedure: - The
haemorthoid is visualized through the
anoscape, & its proximal portion above the
muco-cutaneous lines is grasped with an
instrument. A small rubber band is then
slipped over the hemorrhoid. Tissue distal to
the rubber band becomes necrotic after several
days & sloughs off. It may cause infection,
pain & hemorrhage.
12/13/2019 64
65. Cont…d
B) Cryosurgical Hemorrhoidectomy
Involves freezing the tissue of the
hemorrhoid for a sufficient time to cause
necrosis.
Not used widely because the discharge is
very foul-smelling & wound healing is
prolonged.
C) Hemorrhoidectomy, or surgical excision, can
be performed to remove all of the redundant
tissue involved in the process. 12/13/2019 65
66. Ano-rectalAbscess
Def:
It is an infection in the para-rectal
spaces.
Risk Factors:
Regional enteritis
Immuno-defcient States (HIV/AIDS)
Many of these abscesses will result in
fistulas.
12/13/2019 66
67. Cont…d
C/M:
Abscess may occur in a variety of spaces in
& around the rectum.
Pain
Foul - Smelling pus
In Superficial abscess, (Swelling, redness &
tenderness).
Deeper abscess ( Fever, abdominal Pain )
Fistula
12/13/2019 67
69. Anal fistula
Def:- It is a tiny, tubular, fibrous tract that
extends into the anal canal from an opening
located beside the anus.
Cause:
Fistula usually results from an infection.
Trauma
Fissures
Regional Enteritis
12/13/2019 69
70. Cont…d
C/M
Pus or stool may leak constantly from the
cutaneous opening
Passage of flatus or feces from the vaginal or
bladder depending on the fistulas tract.
Fever
Mgx
Surgery is always recommended
Fistulectomy (excision of the fistulous tract)
12/13/2019 70
71. Anal fissure
Def:
It is a longitudinal tear or ulceration in the
lining of the anal canal
Cause:
Trauma of passing a large firm stool
Persistent tightening of the anal canal
secondary to stress or anxiety (leading to
Constipation)
Child birth
Trauma 12/13/2019 71
73. Cont…d
Mgx
Increase water intake
Sitz bath
Emollient Suppositories
Corticosteroid Suppositories (Relieve
Discomfort)
Surgery
*Most of the fissures will heal by conservative
measures.
12/13/2019 73
74. Cancer of the large intestine:
Colon & Rectum
Tumors of the small intestine are rare;
conversely tumors of the colon &
rectum are relatively common.
Cause: - Unknown
12/13/2019 74
76. Cont…d
Risk factors:-
Age: - incidence increases with age (most
patients are over age 55). It is the most
common cancer in old age except for
prostates cancer in men.
Family history of colon cancer
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease
Polyp
A diet high in fat, protein, & beef & low in
fiber
12/13/2019 76
77. Cont…d
C/M
It is determined by the location, stage of
cancer & function of the intestinal
segment.
Unexplained anemia
Anorexia
Weight loss
Fatigue
12/13/2019 77
78. Cont…d
Symptoms most Common in right side
lesions;
Abdominal Pain
Melena
Symptoms most commonly associated with
left side lesions.
Abdominal pain
Crampy
Constipation
Distention
12/13/2019 78
79. Cont…d
Symptoms associated with rectal lesion;
Tenesmus
Rectal Pain
Feeling of incomplete evacuation after
a bowel movement
Alternating Constipation & Diarrhea
Bloody Stool
12/13/2019 79
81. Cont…d
Medical Mgx
The patient with symptoms of
intestinal obstruction is treated with
IV fluids & nasogastric Suction.
Treatment depends on the stage of
the disease & related complications.
12/13/2019 81
82. Cont…d
The most widely used staging method is
duke's classification:-
Class A- tumor limited to mucosa & Sub-
mucosa
Class B- Penetration through bowel wall
Class C- Invasion into regional draining lymph
system.
Class D- Advanced & widespread regional
metastasis
12/13/2019 82
83. Cont…d
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Removal
It is primary treatment
Indicated for most class A- lesions & all class- B
and C.
Segmental Resection with anastomosis
Temporary Colostomy followed by segmental
resection & anastomosis
Permanent Colostomy or ileostomy
12/13/2019 83
85. Nursing Care for Patient with
Colostomy
Colostomy;
Is the surgical creation of an opening
(stoma) into the colon.
It can be temporary or permanent
divertion.
It allows for the drainage or evacuation of
colon contents to the outside of the body.
12/13/2019 85
86. Cont…d
Colostomy Irrigation;
It is washing out of the intestinal content
through the stoma.
Indication
a) It is done to permit escape of feces when
there is an obstruction of the large bowel
or a known lesion, such as cancer, that
will eventually cause an obstruction.
12/13/2019 86
87. Cont…d
b) It also may be done to permit healing of the
bowel distal to it after an infection,
perforation or traumatic injury since it
diverts the fecal stream from the affected
area.
c) It may be done as a palliative measure in the
treatment of an obstruction caused by an
inoperable growth of the colon or if the
rectum must be removed to treat cancer.
d) It may be done to provide a permanent
means of bowel evacuation.
12/13/2019 87
88. Cont…d
Purpose of colostomy irrigation
1. To encourage a bowel motion in a recently
established colostomy and to ensure that the
opening is patent.
2. To relieve constipation in patients who has
difficulty managing their colostomy.
3. To teach the patient how to establish
regularity of evacuation through the
colostomy.
4. To reduce distention before closure of
colostomy 12/13/2019 88
89. Cont…d
Read about/Remind your fundamentals of
nursing course about;
The equipments needed.
The procedure.
The special considerations.
Develop nursing care plan for a patient with
colostomy.
12/13/2019 89