4. TEMPERATURE OF OCEAN WATER :
• There are 3 parts in ocean.
1. The surface layer.
2. Thermocline.
3. Deep ocean.
• The larger part of sunlight is
captured by ‘the surface layer’.
• Therefore the temperature of the
surface layer of ocean is higher
than deep ocean.
• So the deep ocean is the coldest.
5. • The stored solar energy in the ocean could be
converted into electrical power.
• The technology is called as Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion(OTEC).
• The idea of tapping OTEC was first proposed by
French physicist ,Jacques Arsene d`Arsonal in
1881.
• The recent growth in interest in renewable energy,
development of OTEC has increased in the world.
6. OTEC(Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)
OTEC is a renewable energy
technology that uses the natural
temperature difference in oceans to
produce electricity ,day and night
(OTEC is firm power (24/7)), year
around .
7. • With current technology, an annual temperature
difference of 20℃ or more is needed for OTEC.
• In order to produce power with the low temperature
range, a working fluid with low boiling point is used.
• Several countries are actively pursuing large-scale
deployment of OTEC.
• For example, companies and governments in France, Japan,
the Philippines and South Korea have developed roadmaps
for OTEC development.
9. -Thermal resource region for OTEC-
• Tropical and equatorial zone are the interesting
areas for OTEC. Because of the highest
temperature difference.
10. Sea Water System
Warm water intake:-
• Depth - *For pilot plants will be about 10 m deep.
*For larger commercial plants will be about 20 m
deep.
• Shape and orientation - The intake structure is
constructed to produce
horizontal flows external to the
structure.
11. Cold water intake:-
• Depth -
• Shape and orientation - An open-ended pipe with
bar screens placed to
keep out relatively
large objects.
For most OTEC designs will be at a
depth of 750-1000m.
12. Used to vaporize a
working fluid with a low
boiling point (ammonia or
halocarbon Refrigerants).
Used to condense the
vapor and ensure the
vapor pressure difference
drives the turbine.
The warm
water
The cold water
15. 1.Close Cycle
• Low boiling point working fluid is used (e.g. ammonia).
• The working fluid is evaporated by warm seawater.
• The expanding gas drives a gas turbine, is then re-condensed by
cold seawater, and the process is repeated.
17. • Open-Cycle systems use vaporized sea water as
the working fluid.
• Warm sea water pumped into a vacuum chamber
where a small amount is evaporated into low
density stream that drives a low pressure turbine.
• The steam is condensed by cold water.
• Desalinated water is a byproduct.
2.Open Cycle
19. • This system used both open and close cycle
systems methods.
• The warm water enters to the vacuum chamber
where it is evaporated into steam.(Similar to the
open cycle)
• The steam vaporizes the working fluid .(Similar to
the close cycle)
• The steam drives a turbine that produces electricity.
• The steam condenses within the heat exchange to
produce desalinated water.
3.Hybrid Cycle
22. • Basic considerations for plant design and location
include
• A stable environment for the system operation
• A constant source of both warm and cold
water with a minimum temperature difference
20℃.
• A cost –effective way to deliver power and
complementary products.
23. • Land-based OTEC plants are constructed on the shoreline
with four large hot and cold pipelines dipping down into
the sea:
• Hot water input.
• Hot water output.
• Cold-water input.
• Cold-water output.
• An onshore OTEC facility can produce
• Electricity.
• Fresh water.
• Hydrogen that can promote agriculture.
• Provides refrigeration.
1. Land based plant
24.
25. • The offshore platform installation has
comparatively lower land use and impact.
• but requires grid cables to be installed to
land.
• has higher construction and maintenance
costs.
2. Offshore plant
26.
27. • Electricity Production.
• Desalinated Water.
• Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning.
• Mineral Extraction.
Applications
28. • Helps in producing fuels such as hydrogen,
ammonia, and methanol.
• Produces base load electrical energy .
• Produces desalinated water for industrial,
agricultural, and residential uses .
• Is a resource for on-shore and near-shore Mari-
culture operations .
Advantages
29. • Provides air-conditioning for buildings .
• Food Aquaculture products can be cultivated in
discharge water.
• Eco- friendly .
• Minimal maintenance costs compared to other
power production plants.
30. • High installation cost.
• It only had been tested in a very small scale.
• OTEC plant construction and operation may affect commercial
and recreational fishing.
• Other risks associated with the OTEC power system are the
safety issues associated with steam electric power generation
plants. Such as : -
Electrical hazards,
Rotating machinery,
Use of compressed gases,
Heavy material-handling equipment.
Disadvantages
1.The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure. As the fluid is a liquid at this stage, the pump requires little input energy.
2. The high-pressure liquid enters a boiler
3. The dry saturated vapour expands through a turbine, generating power.
4. The wet vapour then enters a condenser, where it is condensed at a constant pressure to become a saturated liquid.
The tropics are the region of Earth surrounding the Equator
Equatorial regions are located in a band around the Equator and cover about 6% of the Earth's surface.
Because it appears that fish can sense and avoid horizontal flows better than
vertical flows