This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It discusses the main levels of structural organization in the human body from the chemical level to the organismal level. It also defines anatomy and physiology, describing anatomy as the study of the body's structure and physiology as the study of its functions. The major organ systems are introduced, including descriptions of their structures and functions. Homeostasis and homeostatic control mechanisms are explained as the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions through the interaction of receptors, control centers, and effectors in a negative feedback loop.

1. Human
Anatomy
& Physiology
SEVENTH EDITION
Elaine N. Marieb
Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Vince Austin,
Bluegrass Technical
and Community College
C H A P T E R
1
The Human
Body: An
Orientation
P A R T A

2. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
 Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts
and their relationships to one another
 Gross or macroscopic
 Microscopic
 Developmental
 Physiology – the study of the function of the
body’s structural machinery
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3. Gross Anatomy
 Regional – all structures in one part of the body
(such as the abdomen or leg)
 Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by
system
 Surface – study of internal structures as they relate
to the overlying skin
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4. Microscopic Anatomy
 Cytology – study of the cell
 Histology – study of tissues
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5. Developmental Anatomy
 Traces structural changes throughout life
 Embryology – study of developmental changes of
the body before birth
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6. Specialized Branches of Anatomy
 Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes
caused by disease
 Radiographic anatomy – study of internal
structures visualized by specialized scanning
procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans
 Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures
at a subcellular level
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7. Physiology
 Considers the operation of specific organ systems
 Renal – kidney function
 Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system
 Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood
vessels
 Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the
cellular or molecular level
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8. Physiology
 Understanding physiology also requires a
knowledge of physics, which explains
 electrical currents
 blood pressure
 the way muscle uses bone for movement
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9. Principle of Complementarity
 Function always reflects structure
 What a structure can do depends on its specific
form
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10. Levels of Structural Organization
 Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules
 Cellular – cells are made of molecules
 Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
 Organ – made up of different types of tissues
 Organ system – consists of different organs that
work closely together
 Organismal – made up of the organ systems
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11. Levels of Structural Organization
1
2
4
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
5
Cardiovascular
system
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6
3
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Heart
Blood
vessels
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues.
Organismal level
The human organism
is made up of many
organ systems.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that
work together closely.
Figure 1.1

12. Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
1
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
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Figure 1.1

13. Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
1
2
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1

14. Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
1
2
3
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1

15. Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
1
2
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
4
3
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues.
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1

16. Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
1
2
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
4
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Heart
Blood
vessels
5
3
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Cardiovascular
system
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues.
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Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that
work together closely.
Figure 1.1

17. Levels of Structural Organization
1
2
4
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
5
Cardiovascular
system
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6
3
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Heart
Blood
vessels
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues.
Organismal level
The human organism
is made up of many
organ systems.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that
work together closely.
Figure 1.1

18. Integumentary System
 Forms the external body
covering
 Composed of the skin, sweat
glands, oil glands, hair, and
nails
 Protects deep tissues from
injury and synthesizes vitamin
D
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Figure 1.3a

19. Skeletal System
 Composed of bone, cartilage,
and ligaments
 Protects and supports body
organs
 Provides the framework for
muscles
 Site of blood cell formation
 Stores minerals
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Figure 1.3b

20. Muscular System
 Composed of muscles and
tendons
 Allows manipulation of the
environment, locomotion, and
facial expression
 Maintains posture
 Produces heat
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Figure 1.3c

21. Nervous System
 Composed of the brain, spinal
column, and nerves
 Is the fast-acting control
system of the body
 Responds to stimuli by
activating muscles and glands
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Figure 1.3d

22. Cardiovascular System
 Composed of the heart and
blood vessels
 The heart pumps blood
 The blood vessels transport
blood throughout the body
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Figure 1.3f

23. Lymphatic System
 Composed of red bone
marrow, thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes, and lymphatic
vessels
 Picks up fluid leaked from
blood vessels and returns it to
blood
 Disposes of debris in the
lymphatic stream
 Houses white blood cells
involved with immunity
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Figure 1.3g

24. Respiratory System
 Composed of the nasal cavity,
pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and
lungs
 Keeps blood supplied with
oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide
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Figure 1.3h

25. Digestive System
 Composed of the oral cavity,
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine,
rectum, anus, and liver
 Breaks down food into
absorbable units that enter the
blood
 Eliminates indigestible
foodstuffs as feces
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Figure 1.3i

26. Urinary System
 Composed of kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra
 Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
from the body
 Regulates water, electrolyte,
and pH balance of the blood
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Figure 1.3j

27. Male Reproductive System
 Composed of prostate gland,
penis, testes, scrotum, and
ductus deferens
 Main function is the
production of offspring
 Testes produce sperm and
male sex hormones
 Ducts and glands deliver
sperm to the female
reproductive tract
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Figure 1.3k

28. Female Reproductive System
 Composed of mammary glands,
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and
vagina
 Main function is the production of
offspring
 Ovaries produce eggs and female
sex hormones
 Remaining structures serve as sites
for fertilization and development of
the fetus
 Mammary glands produce milk to
nourish the newborn
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Figure 1.3l

29. Organ Systems Interrelationships
 The integumentary system protects the body from
the external environment
 Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with
the external environment, take in nutrients and
oxygen
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30. Organ Systems Interrelationships
 Nutrients and oxygen are
distributed by the blood
 Metabolic wastes are
eliminated by the urinary
and respiratory systems
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Figure 1.2

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2

32. Necessary Life Functions
 Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment
remains distinct from the external environment
 Cellular level – accomplished by plasma
membranes
 Organismal level – accomplished by the skin
 Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis),
and contractility
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33. Necessary Life Functions
 Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the
environment and respond to them
 Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
 Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur
in the body
 Excretion – removal of wastes from the body
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34. Necessary Life Functions
 Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels
 Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two
identical daughter cells
 Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole
new person
 Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the
organism
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35. Survival Needs
 Nutrients – needed for energy and cell building
 Oxygen – necessary for metabolic reactions
 Water – provides the necessary environment for
chemical reactions
 Normal body temperature – necessary for chemical
reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
 Atmospheric pressure – required for proper
breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
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36. Homeostasis
 Homeostasis – ability to maintain a relatively
stable internal environment in an ever-changing
outside world
 The internal environment of the body is in a
dynamic state of equilibrium
 Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to
maintain homeostasis
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37. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
 Variables produce a change in the body
 The three interdependent components of control
mechanisms:
 Receptor – monitors the environments and
responds to changes (stimuli)
 Control center – determines the set point at which
the variable is maintained
 Effector – provides the means to respond to stimuli
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38. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
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Figure 1.4
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Control
center
Variable (in homeostasis)
Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis
2
3
4
5
1

39. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4
Variable (in homeostasis)

40. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable (in homeostasis)
1

41. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Receptor (sensor)
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Figure 1.4
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable (in homeostasis)
2
1

42. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Control
center
Variable (in homeostasis)
2
3
1

43. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Control
center
Variable (in homeostasis)
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to
2
3
4
1

44. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Control
center
Variable (in homeostasis)
Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis
2
3
4
5
1

45. Negative Feedback
 In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off
the original stimulus
 Example: Regulation of room temperature
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46. Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer in
Thermostat)
Stimulus:
rising room
temperature
Response;
temperature
rises
Effector
(heater)
Signal
wire turns
heater on
Signal
wire turns
heater off
Effector
(heater)
Heater
off
Response;
temperature
drops
Stimulus:
dropping room
temperature
Control center
(thermostat)
Balance
Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer in
Thermostat)
Control center
(thermostat)
Heater
on
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

47. Balance
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

48. Stimulus:
rising room
temperature
Balance
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

49. Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer
In thermostat)
Stimulus:
rising room
temperature
Balance
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

50. Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer
In thermostat)
Stimulus:
rising room
temperature
Control center
(thermostat)
Balance
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

51. Signal
wire turns
heater off
Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer
In thermostat)
Stimulus:
rising room
temperature
Control center
(thermostat)
Balance
Stimulus:
dropping room
temperature
Effector
(heater)
Heater
off
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

52. Signal
wire turns
heater off
Stimulus:
dropping room
temperature
Effector
(heater)
Heater
off
Response;
temperature
drops
Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer
In thermostat)
Stimulus:
rising room
temperature
Control center
(thermostat)
Balance
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

53. Stimulus:
dropping room
temperature
Balance
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

54. Stimulus:
dropping room
temperature
Balance
Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer in
Thermostat)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

55. Stimulus:
dropping room
temperature
Balance
Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer in
Thermostat)
Control center
(thermostat)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

56. Effector
(heater)
Signal
wire turns
heater on
Stimulus:
dropping room
temperature
Balance
Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer in
Thermostat)
Control center
(thermostat)
Heater
on
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

57. Response;
temperature
rises
Effector
(heater)
Signal
wire turns
heater on
Stimulus:
dropping room
temperature
Balance
Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer in
Thermostat)
Control center
(thermostat)
Heater
on
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

58. Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer in
Thermostat)
Stimulus:
rising room
temperature
Response;
temperature
rises
Effector
(heater)
Signal
wire turns
heater on
Signal
wire turns
heater off
Effector
(heater)
Heater
off
Response;
temperature
drops
Stimulus:
dropping room
temperature
Control center
(thermostat)
Balance
Set
point
Receptor-sensor
(thermometer in
Thermostat)
Control center
(thermostat)
Heater
on
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5

59. Positive Feedback
 In positive feedback
systems, the output
enhances or
exaggerates the
original stimulus
 Example: Regulation
of blood clotting
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Figure 1.6

60. Break or tear in
blood vessel wall
Feedback cycle
initiated
Clotting occurs
as platelets
adhere to site
and release
chemicals
Released
chemicals
attract more
platelets
Feedback
cycle ends
after clot
seals break
Clotting
proceeds;
newly forming
clot grows
2
1
3
4
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

61. Break or tear in
blood vessel wall
Feedback cycle
initiated
1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

62. Break or tear in
blood vessel wall
Feedback cycle
initiated
Clotting occurs
as platelets
adhere to site
and release
chemicals
2
1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

63. Break or tear in
blood vessel wall
Feedback cycle
initiated
Clotting occurs
as platelets
adhere to site
and release
chemicals
Released
chemicals
attract more
platelets
2
1
3
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

64. Break or tear in
blood vessel wall
Feedback cycle
initiated
Clotting occurs
as platelets
adhere to site
and release
chemicals
Released
chemicals
attract more
platelets
Clotting
proceeds;
newly forming
clot grows
2
1
3
4
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

65. Break or tear in
blood vessel wall
Feedback cycle
initiated
Clotting occurs
as platelets
adhere to site
and release
chemicals
Released
chemicals
attract more
platelets
Feedback
cycle ends
after clot
seals break
Clotting
proceeds;
newly forming
clot grows
2
1
3
4
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

66. Homeostatic Imbalance
 Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal
equilibrium
 Overwhelming the usual negative feedback
mechanisms allows destructive positive feedback
mechanisms to take over
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