Copyright - Adapted from Glencoe-McGraw Hill

1. PowerPoint®
Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART A
1
The Human
Body: An
Orientation

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
 Study of the structure and shape of the body
and its parts
Physiology
 Study of how the body and its parts work or
function

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy—Levels of Study
 Gross anatomy
 Large structures
 Easily observable
Figure 14.1

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy—Levels of Study
 Microscopic Anatomy
 Very small
structures
 Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4c–d

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 1
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 2
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
AtomsCellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 3
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 4
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 5
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ) Cardio-
vascular
system
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 6
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ) Cardio-
vascular
system
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Organismal level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
 Maintain boundaries
 Movement
 Locomotion
 Movement of substances
 Responsiveness
 Ability to sense changes and react
 Digestion
 Break-down and absorption of nutrients

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
 Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
 Produces energy
 Makes body structures
 Excretion
 Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
 Reproduction
 Produces future generation
 Growth
 Increases cell size and number of cells

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Survival Needs
 Nutrients
 Chemicals for energy and cell building
 Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
 Oxygen
 Required for chemical reactions

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Survival Needs
 Water
 60–80% of body weight
 Provides for metabolic reaction
 Stable body temperature
 Atmospheric pressure
 Must be appropriate

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homeostasis
 Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal
environment
 A dynamic state of equilibrium
 Homeostasis is necessary for normal body
functioning and to sustain life
 Homeostatic imbalance
 A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in
disease

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Maintaining Homeostasis
 The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems
 Receptor
 Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
 Sends information to control center

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Maintaining Homeostasis
 Control center
 Determines set point
 Analyzes information
 Determines appropriate response
 Effector
 Provides a means for response to the
stimulus

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 1a
Variable
(in homeostasis)

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 1b
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Imbalance

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 2
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Receptor (sensor)
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Imbalance

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 3
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor)
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Control
center
Imbalance
Imbalance

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 4
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Control
center
Imbalance
Imbalance

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.4, step 5
Change
detected
by receptor
Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable
(in homeostasis)
Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis
Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to activate
Control
center
Imbalance
Imbalance

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Feedback Mechanisms
 Negative feedback
 Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
 Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
 Works like a household thermostat

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Feedback Mechanisms
 Positive feedback
 Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
 In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby