2. vulnerability
Vulnerability are the characteristics determined by physical,
social, economic, and environmental factors that increase the
susceptibility of an individual, community or group to a hazard
of any kind.
It is a set of prevailing conditions that puts the population more
at risk
The reverse side of vulnerability is capacity, which can be
describes as the resources available to individuals, community
and group to better cope with disaster situations
Lack of capacity would lead to vulnerability
Vulnerability varies from person to person, place to place and
time to time
3. Factors affecting vulnerability
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction (UNISDR) vulnerability are 4 types
1. Physical vulnerability
2. Social vulnerability
3. Economic vulnerability
4. Environmental vulnerability
4. 1. Physical vulnerability
Physical vulnerability refers to the geographical proximity to the
source and origin of the disaster
The closer we are to the source of the disaster, the more
susceptible we are getting affected.
5. 2. Social vulnerability
Social vulnerability refers to the inability of people, institutions and
societies t withstand the adverse impacts of disasters owing to
social and cultural factors.
6. 3. Economic vulnerability
It is not possible for the economically backward people for
construct sturdy buildings to withstand disasters, not they can
easily move away from disaster affected regions
7. 4. Environmental vulnerability
this refers to the vulnerability to disasters caused due to
environmental factors.
This may include natural resource depletion and degradation and
also the settlement in environmentally vulnerable region.
8. Factors Contributing to Vulnerability
There are many factors contributing directly and indirectly to
vulnerability to disasters.
Poverty
9. Poverty
It is difficult for a person in a weaker socio- economic condition to
construct sturdy buildings that can withstand any type of hazard of
disaster
Unlike the other group, it is also nearly impossible for them to
recover from the losses easily, making them more susceptible to
the aftermath of disasters
10.
11. Environment and development
Definitions of Environment and development
The Environment is defined here as the entirety of the physical
world consisting of the worlds land masses, oceans , atmosphere
etc…
Other hand the development is defined as the process of growth
and change in human, social, political and economic system
14. Impact Of Developmental And
Environmental Modification On Dams
Dams were created to improve the quality of life for humanity
The intensions are to prevent flooding, provide power, and to be an accessible
reservoir for drinking and irrigation water.
Dams actually have several negative impacts on areas where they are built.
Dams completely destroy river systems
For example, a dam blocks fish migration and therefore hinders reproduction. This has
the potential to drive some species to extinction.
Also, dams create motionless water, which poses number of problems
As algae grows and temperature and oxygen levels change the areas around a dam
are often unable to support aquatic life.
Dams blocks nutrient – rich sediment flow, which is normally deposited on banks
downstream, so plants can flourish along the river
15. The three Gorges Dam on the yangtze River killed a large amount of plant life
around the river, which will most likely never recover
In fact, it is claimed that sediment build-up behind dams could turn them all into
giant waterfalls in about 1,000 years
Dams are a temporary fix but in the process create even more long term issues
that are not so easily solved
19. Impact of change in land use
Runoff from agriculture is leading source of water pollution
Draining wetland for crop production and irrigation water diversions has had
a negative impact on many wildlife spices
Irrigated agriculture has changed the water cycle and caused groundwater
levels to decline in many parts of the world
intensive framing and deforestations may cause soil erosion, salinization.
Deforestations adds to the greenhouse effects, destroys, habitats that
support biodiversity.
Urban development cause air pollution , water pollution , and urban runoff
Urban development and intensive agriculture in coastal areas and further
inland is major threat to the health
21. Impact Of Developmental And Environmental
Modification On Urbanization
Urbanization is one of the common characteristics of economic development. With the
gradual growth of the economy, the process of Urbanization depends on the shift of
surplus populations from rural to urban areas along with the growth of some
industrializes urban centers.
