OS Lectures for DIT

1. Operating System
General
DIT Part 1
Lecture 4

2. Major Parts of Operating System
• The parts of an operating system all exist in
order to make the different parts of a
computer work together.
• All user software needs to go through the
operating system in order to use any of the
hardware, whether it be as simple as a mouse
or keyboard or as complex as an Internet part.
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3. Kernel
• This has the task of loading the application into memory.
• Making sure they do not interfere with one another and
allowing them to share use of the CPU efficiently.
• The kennel also handles file storage to and from secondary
storage devices such as hard disk and optical drives.
• In other words the kernel handles
• Loading/unloading application from memory.
• Scheduling tasks to run on the CPU.
• Memory management.
• File management.
• Data security.
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5. Device Drivers
• Every piece of hardware that makes up the
computer or connected to it.
• Will have a device driver that allows the
operating system to control and communicate
with it.
• There could be hundreds of devices drivers
pre-installed with the operating system, and
the right one for that particular computer set-
up is loaded on boot-up.
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6. Device Drivers
• The exact detail of which device driver is needed by the
operating system is kept in a file- in window the file is called
is called ''registry' and in Linux the details will be stored as a
number of 'configuration files'.
• Makers of printers, graphic tablets, scanner, digital cameras
and so on, will normally provide device drivers for each
make of operating system.
• A device driver for window xp is different from the device
driver of Linux this is why if u remove an operating system
such as vista from a hard disk and install Linux instead, u
will need to make sure u have all the correct drivers
available for each piece of hardware.
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7. Device Drivers
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8. User interface
(Graphic User Interface)
• This part of operating system that user will see on
screen (via the device driver) and reacting to your
key presses and other inputs.
• The user interface could be the basic command line
interface, as u might find on a server, or it might be a
full blown Graphical User Interface (GUI) such as
perhaps gnome on lunix, window vista, or xp.
• Graphical user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows
and the one used by the Apple Macintosh, feature the
following basic components:
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9. User interface
(Graphic User Interface)
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10. Pointer
• A symbol that appears on the display screen and
that you move to select objects and commands.
• Usually, the pointer appears as a small angled
arrow.
• Text processing applications, however, use an I-
beam pointer that is shaped like a capital I.
• The pointer is controlled by a pointing device
such as a mouse, trackball, joysticks, touchpad’s,
and light pens.
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12. Icons
• Small pictures that represent commands, files,
or windows.
• By moving the pointer to the icon and
pressing a mouse button, you can execute a
command or convert the icon into a window.
• You can also move the icons around the
display screen as if they were real objects on
your desk.
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13. Icons
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14. Desktop
• The area on the display screen where icons
are grouped is often referred to as the
desktop because the icons are intended to
represent real objects on a real desktop.
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15. Windows
• You can divide the screen into different areas. In
each window, you can run a different program or
display a different information You can move
windows around the display screen, and change
their shape and size at will.
• Menus: Most graphical user interfaces let you
execute commands by selecting a choice from a
menu.
• Folders: Graphical representation of a directory.
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16. Modes
• Modern CPUs support multiple modes of
operation. CPUs with this capability use at least
two modes:
• Protected mode and supervisor mode.
• The supervisor mode is used by the operating
system's kernel for low level tasks that need
unrestricted access to hardware, such as
controlling how memory is written and erased,
and communication with devices like graphics
cards.
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17. Modes
• Protected mode, in contrast, is used for almost
everything else.
• Applications operate within protected mode, and
can only use hardware by communicating with
the kernel, which controls everything in
supervisor mode.
• CPUs might have other modes similar to
protected mode as well, such as the virtual
modes in order to emulate older processor types,
such as 16-bit processors on a 32-bit one, or 32-
bit processors on a 64-bit one
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18. Program execution
• The operating system provides an interface between an
application program and the computer hardware, so that
an application program can interact with the hardware only
by obeying rules and procedures programmed into the
operating system.
• The operating system is also a set of services which simplify
development and execution of application programs.
• Executing an application program involves the creation of a
process by the operating system kernel which assigns
memory space and other resources, establishes a priority
for the process in multi-tasking systems, loads program
binary code into memory, and initiates execution of the
application program which then interacts with the user and
with hardware devices
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20. Interrupts
• Interrupts are central to operating systems, as
they provide an efficient way for the operating
system to interact with and react to its
environment.
• The alternative — having the operating system
"watch" the various sources of input for events
(polling) that require action — can be found in
older systems with very small stacks (50 or 60
bytes) but are unusual in modern systems with
large stacks. Interrupt-based programming is
directly supported by most modern CPUs.
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21. Interrupts
• Interrupts provide a computer with a way of
automatically saving local register contexts,
and running specific code in response to
events.
• Even very basic computers support hardware
interrupts, and allow the programmer to
specify code which may be run when that
event takes place.
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22. Interrupts
• When an interrupt is received, the computer's
hardware automatically suspends whatever
program is currently running, saves its status, and
runs computer code previously associated with
the interrupt; this is analogous to placing a
bookmark in a book in response to a phone call.
• In modern operating systems, interrupts are
handled by the operating system's kernel.
Interrupts may come from either the computer's
hardware or from the running program.
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23. Interrupts
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24. Interrupts
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25. Security
• A computer being secure depends on a
number of technologies working properly.
• A modern operating system provides access to
a number of resources, which are available to
software running on the system, and to
external devices like networks via the kernel.
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26. Security
• The operating system must be capable of
distinguishing between requests which should be
allowed to be processed, and others which
should not be processed. While some systems
may simply distinguish between "privileged" and
"non-privileged", systems commonly have a form
of requester identity, such as a user name.
• To establish identity there may be a process of
authentication.
• Often a username must be quoted, and each
username may have a password
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27. Assignment
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