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CFD (Chaff and Flares Dispense)
- 1. Table of Contents • Introduction • Missile Target Seeking Techniques • Defense Techniques • IR Guided Missile • Flares • Radar Guided Missile • Chaffs • CFD
- 2. Introduction • CFD means Chaff Flare Dispenser • Chaff and flares are defensive mechanisms • Avoid detection and/or attack by adversary air defense systems
- 3. Missile Target Seeking Techniques • By Infrared Tracking • By Radar Tracking
- 4. Defense Using CFD • Infrared Countermeasure (IRCM) • Defense from IR guided missile • Electronic/Electro-Magnetic Countermeasure (ECM/EMCM) • Defense from Radar guided missile
- 5. IR Guided Missile • IR Guided Missiles use the heat produced by the aircraft • Have sensors that can track heat source (IR sensors) • Designed to follow the path of heat source • IR-guided missiles are very difficult to find as they approach aircraft • They do not emit detectable radar radiations • They are generally fired from a rear visual-aspect, directly toward the engines • In most cases, pilots have to rely on their wingmen to spot the missile's smoke trail and alert them • More advanced electro-optical systems can detect missile launches automatically from the distinct thermal emissions of a missile's rocket motor
- 6. Flares • A flare or decoy flare is an aerial infrared countermeasure used by a plane or helicopter to counter an infrared homing missile • Flares are commonly composed of magnesium or another hot-burning metal • Burning temperature of material is equal to or hotter than engine exhaust • Two type of substance are possible: pyrotechnic and pyrophoric • Pyrotechnic flares use a slow-burning fuel-oxidizer mixture that generates intense heat • A pyrophoric substance ignites spontaneously in air • There is a wide variety of calibers and shapes available for aerial decoy flares • Shape of flares is selected on basis of volume storage restrictions on board
- 7. Flares Dispense • A flare goes through three main stages • Ignition • Deployment • Decoying
- 8. Advanced IR Guided Missiles • Advanced missile guidance systems are more sensitive to different infrared emissions • Can reject signals whose source appears to be a flare rather than an aircraft • Analyzing the size of the emission source • Trajectory or speed • The spectrum of emissions • Usually advanced missile guidance systems lock them according to heat signature of an aircraft • A bigger heat decoy is needed
- 9. Advanced IR Flares • Have propulsion system • Emits more heat • A number of flares to be dispense at same time • Aircraft maneuver is required after flare dispense
- 11. Radar Guided Missile • Three types of Radar Guidance • Active Radar Homing • Semi-Active Radar Homing • Passive Radar Homing • Missile uses the electro-magnetic waves reflected from aircraft • Have its own Radar • Follows the path where it receives EM waves, reflected from aircraft • Active and Semi-Active Homing Missile can easily be detected • Passive Homing Missile is difficult to detect, easier to break lock
- 12. Chaffs • Chaff consists of small fibers that reflect radar signals • The two major types of military chaff in use are aluminum foil and aluminum- coated glass fibers • It consists of small, extremely tie fibers of aluminum or aluminum-coated glass • Disperse widely in the air when ejected • Since chaff can obstruct radar, its use is coordinated with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) • They are made as small and light as possible so they will remain in the air long enough to confuse enemy radar • The lock of missile is broken • Centroid of missile radar shifts on chaff cloud
- 14. Chaffs Dispense • Chaff is ejected either mechanically or pyrotechnically • Mechanical ejection uses small foil laminated cardboard boxes (2.8 by 4.8 by 0.8 inches) that are tom open during ejection • Pyrotechnic ejection uses hot gases generated by an explosive impulse cartridge • Chaff forms the electromagnetic equivalent of a visual smoke screen • Form a cloud that temporarily hides the aircraft from radar detection
- 15. Advance Radar Guided Missiles • Chaff is intended to act as decoy for radar and/or increase ground clutter at the same time • Modern Pulse-Doppler radar can recognize such decoys • Simple decoys, in contrast to true targets, do not exhibit a corresponding Doppler shift in the radar band
- 16. Advanced Chaffs • Need a propulsion system • Have to be lighter OR • Have thrust for lift • Able to reflect all possible frequencies waves
- 18. CFD Panels
- 21. Thank You
- 22. Q/A
Editor's Notes
- Q) Which missile is more dangerous?
- ("heat-seeking") surface-to-air missile or air-to-air missile A pyrotechnic composition is a substance or mixture of substances designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas/smoke or a combination of these, as a result of non-detonative self-sustaining exothermic chemical reactions. Pyrotechnic substances do not rely on oxygen from external sources to sustain the reaction. e.g gun powder, Magnesium/Teflon/Viton (MTV)– Example of Pyrotechnic A pyrophoric substance (from Greek πυροφόρος, pyrophoros, "fire-bearing") ignites spontaneously in air at or below 55 °C (130 °F).[1] Examples are iron sulfide and many reactive metals including plutonium and uranium
- Ignition: Most flares are made of materials that ignite when they come in contact with the air. Other requires an external ignition method Deployment: Flares are most commonly gravity-fed. These dispensers can be programmed by the pilot or ground crew to dispense flares in short intervals, one at a time, long intervals, or in clusters. Decoying: Flares burn at thousands of degrees, which is much hotter than the exhaust of a jet engine. IR missiles seek out the hotter flame, believing it to be an aircraft in afterburner or the beginning of the engine's exhaust source. A classic technique is to dispense flares and then immediately change direction and reduce engine power to reduce the aircraft's thermal signature.
- More sophisticated flares contain a propulsion system for propelling the flare over a flight path similar to, but divergent in direction from, the path of the aircraft. The propulsion system is designed to confuse anti-aircraft missiles that can discriminate between a free-falling flare and a propulsion-powered object, e.g., the aircraft. If the decoy flares function correctly, the anti-aircraft missile will lock into and follow the decoy flare, and cease pursuit of the aircraft, allowing the aircraft to proceed unharmed by the missile. As long as the flare is in the sensor's envelope, it's going to confuse it. Once the flare is rejected—either by its motion or temperature—the missile will use its logic to hunt down the original source, normally along the flight path it was formerly on. If the aircraft can combine countermeasures with an awe-inspiring evasion maneuver, it should be able to escape the missile.
- Active Homing– Missile emits its own radiations and track target. Only it has transmitter. Semi-Active– Missile uses the radiations from external/other controlled source Passive Homing– Missile uses the radiations of an uncontrolled source, e.g. heavenly bodies, sun etc. Locks the RCS signature of an aircraft
- The aluminum foil-type is no longer manufactured, although it may still be in use.
- When ejected/dispensed
- Propulsion power should be enough that missile confuses chaffs with aircraft
- 1) C-130