5. 1. Stem cell mediated
Regeneration
• Stem cells allow an organism to regrow certain
organs or tissues that have been lost.
• Example :
• Regrowth of hair shafts from follicular stem cells in
the hair bulge .
7. 2. Epimorphosis
• In some species, adult structures can undergo
dedifferentiation to form a relatively
undifferentiated mass of cells that then
differentiates to form the new structure.
9. 3. Morphallaxis
Morphallaxis is the regeneration of specific tissue in a
variety of organisms due to loss or death of the
existing tissue. The word comes from the Greek
allazein, which means to change.
11. 4. Compensatory
regeneration.
Here, the differentiated cells divide but maintain their
differentiated functions. The new cells do not come from
stem cells, nor do they come from the dedifferentiation of
the adult cells. Each cell produces cells similar to itself; no
mass of undifferentiated tissue.
14. Epimorphic
Regeneration of
Salamander limb
The new cells construct only the
missing structures and no more
In some way salamander limbs
know where the proximal distal
axis has been severed and is able
to regenerate from that point on
15. 1: Regeneration
of blastema
Salamanders accomplish
epimorphic regeneration by cell
dedifferentiation to form a
regeneration blastema. It is an
aggregation of relatively
dedifferentiated cells derived
from the originally differentiated
tissue. This blastema then
proliferates and differentiates
into the new limb parts. Bone,
dermis, and cartilage just
beneath the site of amputation
contribute to the regeneration
blastema, as do satellite cells
from nearby muscles.
16. 2: Formation of
apical ectodermal
cap (ACE)
When a salamander limb is
amputated,a plasma clot
formswithin 6-12 hours
epidermal cells form the
remaining stump migrate to
cover the wound surface
,forming the wound epidermis.