6. Direct Mapping:
Each location in RAM has one specific place in cache where
the data will be held
Address is in two parts.
1)Least Significant w bits identify unique word
2)Most Significant s bits specify one memory block .
▪ DM is Inexpensive and simple.
▪ Fixed location for given block:
▪ If a program accesses 2 blocks that map to the same line
repeatedly, cache misses are very high
7. Direct Mapping Address Structure.
17 bits 9 bits 6 bits
▪ 32 bit address
▪ 6 bits word identifier (4 byte block)
▪ 26 bit block identifier
▪ 17 bit tag (=26-17)
▪ 9 bit slot or line
9. Associative Mapping:
A main memory block can load into any line of
cache
Memory address is interpreted as tag and word
Tag uniquely identifies block of memory
Tag 22 bit
Word
2 bit
A Diagram Link
10. Set Associative Mapping.
▪ Cache is divided into a number of sets
▪ Each set contains a number of lines
▪ A given block maps to any line in a given set
▪ e.g. Block B can be in any line of set i
▪ 2 lines per set
▪ 2 way associative mapping
▪ A given block can be in one of 2 lines in only one set
11. Example of Set Associative.
▪ 13 bit set number
▪ 000000, 00A000, 00B000, 00C000 … map to same
set
Tag 9 bit Set 13 bit
Word
2 bit
12. Replacement Algorithms
Associative & Set Associate Mapping.
▪ Hardware implemented algorithm (speed)
▪ Least Recently Used (LRU)
▪ In 2 way set associative
▪ Which of the 2 block is LRU?
13. Replacement Algorithms
Associative & Set Associate Mapping.
First in first out (FIFO)
replace block that has been in cache longest
Least frequently used
Replace block which has had fewest hits
Random
14. Write Policy:
▪ Must not overwrite a cache block unless main
memory is up to date
▪ Multiple CPUs may have individual caches
▪ I/O may address main memory directly
15. Write Through:
▪ All writes go to main memory as well as cache
▪ Multiple CPUs can monitor main memory
traffic to keep local (to CPU) cache up to date
▪ Lots of traffic
▪ Slows down writes
16. Write Back:
▪ Updates initially made in cache only
▪ Update bit for cache slot is set when update
occurs
▪ If block is to be replaced, write to main
memory only if update bit is set
▪ I/O must access main memory through cache
Editor's Notes
Direct has the lowest performance, but is easiest to implement • Direct is often used for instruction cache • Sequential addresses fill a cache line and then go to the next cache line
The cache memory is divided into blocks or lines. Currently lines can range from 16 to 64 bytes • Data is copied to and from the cache one line at a time
DM: Each block of main memory maps to only one cache line i.e. if a block is in cache, it must be in one specific place… Address is in two parts
1)Least Significant w bits identify unique word 2)Most Significant s bits specify one memory block . DM is Inexpensive and simple.
Fixed location for given block:
If a program accesses 2 blocks that map to the same line repeatedly, cache misses are very high
A main memory block can load into any line of cache.. Memory address is interpreted as tag and word…Cache searching gets expensive