carbohydrates

1. State the general formula of monosaccharides as (CH2O)n,
Recall the classification of carbohydrates into simple sugars (mono-
and disaccharides) and complex sugars (polysaccharides),
Differentiate hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.
Describe the structure and function of monosaccharides, disaccharides
and polysaccharides.
Explain the role of carbohydrates in the body.
Objectives
Students will be able to
CARBOHYDRATES
Compiled & Prepared by:
ISAIAH JEREMIAH M. TONGCUA BSED SCI-2B

2. Classification of
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
09
Classification of
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides
08
Dehydration
Synthesis
05
Hydrolysis
Classification of
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
06 07
TOPIC OUTLINE
Carbohydrates:
Introductiom
01
Photosynthesis
02
Functions of
Carbohydrates in
the Human Body
03
Classification of
Carbohydrates
04

3. CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar
molecules. Along with proteins and fats,
carbohydrates are one of three main nutrients
found in foods and drinks. Your body breaks
down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or
blood sugar, is the main source of energy for
your body's cells, tissues, and organs.
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4. Page 02
Most of the matter in plants, except water, is
Most of the matter in plants, except water, is
carbohydrate material. Carbohydrates account for
carbohydrate material. Carbohydrates account for
75% of dry plant material and are produced by
75% of dry plant material and are produced by
photosynthesis.
photosynthesis.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

5. FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
IN THE HUMAN BODY
Carbohydrates linked to lipids are
structural components of cell
membranes
Carbohydrate storage, in the form of
glycogen, provides a short-term energy
reserve
Carbohydrates form part of the
structural framework of DNA and RNA
molecules
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6. POLYHYDROXY
ALDEHYDES
Page 04
CLASSIFICATION OF
CARBOHYDRATES
Simpler Formula: CnH2nOn or Cn(H2O)n (hydrates of C). n= number of atoms.
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds that
produce such substances upon hydrolysis.
POLYHYDROXY
KETONES

7. Dehydration synthesis
(also called a condensation
reaction) is the chemical
process in which two
molecules covalently link
together to form a new
molecule, along with the
release of a water
molecule.
DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS
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8. In a hydrolysis reaction,
a larger molecule forms
two (or more) smaller
molecules ,and water is
consumed as a reactant.
Hydrolysis ("hydro" = water
and "lysis" = break)
involves adding water to
one large molecule to
break it into multiple
smaller molecules.
HYDROLYSIS
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9. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
Glucose is the main
type of sugar in the
blood and is the major
source of energy for
the body's cells.
Fructose is also
known as “fruit
sugar” because it
primarily occurs
naturally in many
fruits.
Galactose is a simple
sugar that is
normally transformed
in the liver before
being used up as
energy.
Contain a single polyhydroxy
Contain a single polyhydroxy
aldehyde or ketone unit
aldehyde or ketone unit
Can’t be broken down into
Can’t be broken down into
simpler substances by hydrolysis
simpler substances by hydrolysis
(reaction with water) reactions
(reaction with water) reactions
Contains 3-7 C atoms
Contains 3-7 C atoms
5 and 6 carbon species are more
5 and 6 carbon species are more
common
common
Water soluble white crystalline
Water soluble white crystalline
solids
solids
Glucose Fructose Galactose
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10. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
DISACCHARIDES
Maltose is used as a
source of energy, not
only in plants but also
in animals. .
Lactose is widely
used in food and
pharmaceutical
industries.
As a carbohydrate,
sucrose provides your
body with the energy
required to perform
physical and mental
functions..
Contains 2 monosaccharide
Contains 2 monosaccharide
units covalently bonded to each
units covalently bonded to each
other.
other.
Disaccharides are crystalline and
Disaccharides are crystalline and
water-soluble substances
water-soluble substances
Table sugar (sucrose) and milk
Table sugar (sucrose) and milk
sugar (lactose) are common
sugar (lactose) are common
disaccharides
disaccharides
Upon hydrolysis they produce
Upon hydrolysis they produce
monosaccharides
monosaccharides
Maltose Lactose Sucrose
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11. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
POLYSACCHARIDES
Starch is a white,
granular, organic
chemical that is
produced by all green
plants.
Glycogen is the
stored form of
glucose that's made
up of many
connected glucose
molecules.
Cellulose is one of
the most abundant
biomaterials on the
earth. It is generally
synthesized by
plants, but it is also
produced by some
bacteria.
They are not sweet in taste
They are not sweet in taste.
.
They store energy in organisms.
They store energy in organisms.
Due to the presence of multiple
Due to the presence of multiple
hydrogen bonds, the water
hydrogen bonds, the water
cannot invade the molecules
cannot invade the molecules
making them hydrophobic.
making them hydrophobic.
They provide support to the
They provide support to the
cells.
cells.
They allow for changes in the
They allow for changes in the
concentration gradient.
concentration gradient.
Starch Glycogen Cellulose
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12. ISAIAH JEREMIAH M. TONGCUA
BSED SCIENCE 2-B