Materials Properties

Assignment 01
Materials of manufacture
Group members:
Asad Ali [IE-17-32]
Syed Ali [IE-17-27]
Azeem Khan [IE-17-17]
Usman Ayub [IE-17-35]
Usman Munawar [IE-17-34]

Question 01: what is ductility, and how is it measured? What is its
importance in manufacturing?
Ans: Ductility is measure of plastic deformation of material before fracture. It is
measured by change in cross-section area or change in length
D:
𝑙 𝑓−𝑙 𝑜
𝑙 𝑜
D:
𝐴 𝑜−𝐴 𝑓
𝐴 𝑜
It is very important in manufacturing because a ductile material can be better
shaped and also can be safely used.
Reference : Notes

Question 02:What is a stress-strain curve? What does it show?
Ans: stress strain curve is a relationship between stress and strain of a
material. There are two types of stress strain curves
(1)Engineering stress-strain(2)True stress-strain
Question 03:Describe the differences between brittle and ductile
fracture.
Ans: Brittle facture occurs with little or no deformation
Ductile facture occurs after plastic deformation
Reference: Fundamentals of modern manufacturing page 42

Question 04:List applications where the following would be desirable:
(a) high density, (b) low density, (c) high melting point, (d) low melting
point, (e) high thermal conductivity, (f) low thermal conductivity.
Ans:(a)High density: This is used where weight is required like anchors and
paperclips
(b)Low density: This property is used where low weight is required like in auto-
mobile bodies
(c)High melting point: This is used where material has to bear high temperature like
furnaces
(d)Low melting point: This property is used where material should melt fastly like
during welding and soldring
(e)High thermal conductivity: This property is used where heat should reach fast
like cooking pans
(f)Low thermal conductivity: This property is used where heat should not reach like
handles of pans

Question 05:Explain the difference between hardness, hot hardness,
and hardenability.
Ans: Hardness: Hardness of a material is its resistance to scratch cut or dent
Hot hardness: Ability of a material to retain hardness at elevated temperature
Hardenability: Hardenability is the ability of a material to become hard when it
is heat treated
Reference: Notes

Question 06: What are the advantages of high carbon content in steel?
What is the advantage of low carbon content?
Ans: High carbon content in steel increase its hardness strength and
hardenability so it can be used where a hard material is required
Low carbon steels are less hard but they are widely used because they
are more ductile tough and easy to weld
Reference: notes

Question 07: State the major properties of aluminum that make it an
attractive material for a variety of applications.
Ans: Aluminum after steel is more widely used because it has good strength to
weight ratio good machinability and cut easily it has shiny silver grey appearance
which makes it attractive
Reference: Notes

Question 08: State major properties and applications of grey cast iron
and ductile cast iron.
Ans: Grey cast iron: It has a composition in the range 2.5% to 4% carbon and 1%
to 3% silicon. Its compressive strength is greater than its tensile strength it has good
vibration damping. Its ductility is low and it is brittle material
Ductile iron: This is an iron with the composition of gray iron in which the molten
metal is chemically treated before pouring to cause the formation of graphite
spheroids rather than flakes. This results in a stronger and more ductile iron, hence
its name. Applications include machinery components requiring high strength and
good wear resistance.

Question 09: State major properties and applications of tungsten.
Ans: Tungsten is a refractory metal. Some of its properties are as below
Melting point=6170F (3410C)
Density=19.2g/cubic centimeter
Yield strength(ksi)=220
tensile strength(ksi)=300
Tungsten is commonly used in heavy metal alloys such as high speed steel, from
which cutting tools are manufactured. It is also used in the so-called 'superalloys' to
form wear-resistant coatings.
Reference: Degarmos table 7-8

Question 10:Why is magnesium often used as a structural material in
power had tools? Why are its alloys used instead of pure magnesium?
Ans: magnesium is the lightest metal among all it has high strength to weight ratio
and has high vibration damping that is why it is used as a structural material in
power hand tools.
As a pure metal, magnesium is relatively soft and lacks sufficient strength for most
engineering applications.

Question 11:What are super alloys? Why are they so named?
Ans: The super alloys are a group of high-performance alloys designed to meet
very demanding requirements for strength and resistance to surface
degradation(corrosion and oxidation) at high service temperatures
These metals has excellent resistant properties that is why they named so.
Question 12:What properties of titanium make it attractive for use in
race-car and jet-engine components? Why is titanium not widely used
for engine components in passenger cars?
Ans: Titanium has high strength to weight ratio and it has corrosion resistance at
elevated temperature but it is expensive that is why it is not used in passenger car
Reference: Fundamentals of modern manufacturing page 131,Notes

Question 13: What are nanomaterial? Why are they being developed?
Ans: A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an
unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50 % or
more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external
dimensions is in the size range
1 nm - 100 nm.
Nanomaterial are developed to exhibit novel characteristics compared to the same
material without Nano scale features, such as increased strength, chemical
reactivity or conductivity.
Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/superalloys

Question 14:Portable (notebook) computers have their housing made
of magnesium. Why?
Ans: because magnesium is light weight has high strength to weight
ratio and has high vibration damping.
Reference: Notes

Question 15: ‘The properties of a manufactured product are
determined by (i) the properties of the material it is made of (ii) and
the manufacturing process used to make it’. Comment with an
example.
Ans: The properties of product determined by raw material and manufacturing
processes for example base of drilling machine is made with cast iron using casting
process so it has mechanical properties of cast iron and has rough surface finish
due to casting process.
Refernece: Notes

Question 16: Explain tables 6.3, 6.4, and 6.6 from Fundamentals of
Modern Manufacturing by M. P. Groover, 4th Edition.
Ans:
The table(6.3) shows treatment and mechanical properties of Some steels.
According to a designation scheme developed by the American Iron and Steel
Institute (AISI) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), plain carbon steels
are specifiedby a four-digit numbersystem:10XX,in which10indicates that thesteel
isplain carbon, and XX indicates the percent of carbon in hundredths of percentage
points. For example, 1020 steel contains 0.20% C.
The table shows that code 1010 to 1020 are low carbon steels.
1020 t0 1050 are medium carbon steels.
1055 are high carbon steels.

1315, 2030, 3130, 4130, 4140, 4340, 4815, 9260 and HSLA are manganese base,
nickel base,nickelchrome base,chrome-molbednym base, Ni-Cr-Mo base, Ni-Mo
base, Si-Mn base and high speed low alloy steels respectively.
The table also shows that Ni-Cr-Mo base steels has higest tensile strength and plain
carbon steels has lowest tensile strength. Also plain steels has highest elongation
and medium carbon steels have lowest elongation.

The table (6.4) shows composition and mechanical properties of selected stainless
steels. The table explains three types of stainless steels
1. Austenitic stainless
2. Ferritic stainless
3. Martensitic stainless
Ferritic stainless steels have lowest tensile strength
Austenitic has medium and martensitic has highest tensile strength
The table also shows chemical analysis of these steels

The table (6.6) shows Compositions and mechanical properties of selected cast
irons.
The table explains three types of cast irons
1. Grey cast iron
2. Ductile iron
3. White cast iron
The table shows that grey cast iron has lowest tensile strength white has medium
and ductile cast iron has highest tensile strength.

Part 02:CASE STUDY
Products listed below

(a)The head of a carpenter’s claw hammer
• Uses:
1. Drive and pull nails
2. Studs etc
• Operating Conditions:
1. A length of steel bar is heated to about 2,200-2,350° F (1,200-1,300° C)
2. The loadings and impacts are just extended up to normal nailing operations.
3. Not Much load withstand.
• Material:
1. Claw Hammer heads are made of high carbon
• Properties of Material:
1. Heat-treated steel for strength and durability.
2. Heat treatment used to harden the steel.
3. The heat treatment helps prevent chipping or cracking caused by repeated blows against other
metal objects.

Suggestion about material:
According to the required properties of tool it should be made up of tool steels because
this metal has required properties
Reference: Salaman, R.A. Dictionary of Tools. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975.
Vila, Bob. This Old House Guide to Building and Remodeling Materials. Warner Books,
Inc., 1986.

(b)A residential interior doorknob.
• Uses:
1. Used to provide the twisting effect for the opening and closing the door.
1. Forging at very high pressure. Forging can produce products having superior strength,
toughness, reliability, and quality (up to 250% stronger than castings).
2. Heated to 1,400° F (759.9° C) in a gas-fired furnace to soften the metal.
• Material:
1. Most doorknobs are made of metal, with the most common type brass. The term brass refers
to a group of alloys that contain a combination of varying amounts of copper and zinc.
1. Strength, machinability, ductility, wear-resistance, hardness, color, antimicrobial, electrical
and thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance, prices low due to its flexibility.

The brass is best material for door nab because it has all required properties.
Reference: Eastwood, Maud. Antique Builders Hardware, Knobs & Accessories. Woodinville,
WA: Antique Doorknob Publishing Co., 1992.
Eastwood, Maud. The Antique Door Knob. Woodinville, WA: Antique Doorknob Publishing
Co., 1976.
Read more: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Doorknob.html#ixzz5S6tYZou0

(c)A paper clip
• Uses:
1. Temporally hold papers together.
1. Paper binding
• Material:
1. Paper clips are generally made from galvanized steel wire. Paper clips can be made from light,
cheap steel, or from better quality steel, depending on the manufacturer.
1. Hot dipped galvanized steel wire has excellent toughness and flexibility, can achieve
the highest amount of zinc 300 grams/square meters. Has galvanized layer thickness,
strong corrosion resistance and other properties.

Hot dipped galvanized steel wire is best material for this purpose
Reference:
• Kalpakjian, Serope. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology. Reading, MA: Addison-
Wesley, 1992.
• Petrovsky, Henry. The Evolution of Useful Things. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
Read more: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Paper-Clip.html#ixzz5S6yTU063

(d)Staples for an office stapler.
• Uses:
1. Used to bind papers
2. To combine papers as a register
1.When papers are required to bind
1. Material should be light weight non toxic should have good strength
• Material suggestion
zinc plated steel wires are best for it

(e)A pair of scissors.
• Uses:
1. Scissors are used for cutting various thin materials, such as paper, cardboard, metal foil, cloth,
rope, and wire.
1. The pressure of the drop hammer also strengthens the steel.
2. Inexpensive Scissors are made form blanks formed by cold stamping.
• Material:
1. Stainless steel is used to make scissors in which a plastic handle is fitted to the metal blade.
Stainless steel is manufactured from iron, about 1% carbon, and at least 10% chromium.
1. It has the advantages of being light and rustproof.
2. The handles of stainless steel scissors are made from a strong, light substance such as ABS
(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) plastic.

Stainless steel is best for this purpose
Reference: "Scissors and Shears." Consumer Reports, October 1992, pp. 672-677.
• Werner, Karen Flake. "Cutting With Scissors: Three Steps to Easy
Snipping." Parents Magazine, January 1996, pp. 137-138.
•
Read more: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Scissors.html#ixzz5S7IuC4Q1

(f)A moderate to high-quality household cook pot or frying pan.
• Uses:
1. Used for frying, searing, and browning foods.
• Material:
1. Stainless steel
1. It’s “rust-free, stain-resistant.
2. Stable under extremely high temperatures.
3. Stainless designated “10/18,” as a sign of quality.
Reference: https://www.realsimple.com/food-recipes/tools-products/cookware-bakeware/bargain-
cookware

(g)A jet engine turbine blade to operate in the exhaust region of the
engine.
• Uses:
1. It spins when engine starts
2. The blades are responsible for extracting energy from the high
temperature, high pressure gas produced by the combustor.
1. High temperature
2. High pressure
• Major properties:
1. Hard
2. Tough
3. Durable

Material suggestion:
Nickel base supper alloys
Reference:http://www.instituteofmaking.org.uk/materials-library/material/single-
crystal-jet-engine-turbine-blade
https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/14454/why-are-aircraft-turbine-
blades-made-of-nickel-alloys

(h)A Standard Open End
Wrench
Uses:
wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical
advantage in applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners,
such as nuts and bolts—or keep them from turning.

Normal Operating Conditions
It should open anti-clock wise.
It should lose clock-wise.
It is used at room temprature

Properties or Characterstics of Material
• It should be corrosive free.
• It should be hard and more strength.
• It should be an insulator.

Suggestion About Material
• Higher quality wrenches should be made from chromium-vanadium alloy tool
steels and are drop-forged. They should be chrome-plated to resist corrosion and
for ease of cleaning.
Reference: https://en.org/wiki/Wrench

(i)The Exterior case of a Class room Projector
• Uses:
• Projectors are used to to protect the delicate internal mechanisms. The case
provides a place to mount the electronics and also houses the fans to regulate
cooling. Cases must contain vents for cool air intake and hot air venting.

• Normal room temperature.
• It should placed in reference to board.

Properties of Materials
• It has to be light in weight.
• It has to be heat resist.
Reference:https://www.techwalla.com/articles/the-parts-of-a-projector

• Projectors must made up of plastic or metal cases to delicate internal
mechanisms. Some projectors also include an infrared sensor for receiving signals
from a remote control.
Suggestion about Material

(j)The body of a child toy wagon
Uses:
• It is used for holding purpose.
• for covering the internal parts of the toy.
• Children play with it

Normal operating Conditions
• It used at dried surface
• It should not be overloded
• Reference: CPSC Votes To Implement Child Safety Protection Act | CPSC.gov

• It has moderate carbon percentage.
• It is not hazard to health.
• Reference: CPSC Votes To Implement Child Safety Protection Act | CPSC.gov

• It should high polymer.
• we should go with PVC-free and BPA-free toys, not just for our own children, but
for every gift you buy.
Reference: https://www.greenchildmagazine.com/plastic-toys/

(k)An Automobile Radiator
• Uses
• As a heat exchanger for cooling internal combustion engine.
• Also in piston engine aircraft, railway locomotives etc.

For most cars Normal temperature ranges
195-200 degrees Fahrenheit.
Normal coolant level.
It should not clogged.
Reference: https://gulfnews.com/guides/life/5-things-to-know-about-your-car-
radiator-and-how-to-keep-it-cool-1.1554272

Properties of Material
• These are made from steel sheets.
• Its weight should be according to the thickness of steel sheet.
Reference: https://vasco.eu/en-gb/blog/radiators/what-are-main-features-high-
quality-radiator

• It should be made up of Aluminium cores, and can save money and weight by
using plastic headers.

(l)The Blade of a Household screwdriver
• Used for turning screws of standard sizes

• Should use the standard size of screw driver so that the blade of the screw driver
can easily fixed while removing or tightening of screws.
• It sould not be used as punching.

• Hardenability
• Hardness at high temperature

• It should be sharp.
• With no identation.
• Tool steel and stainless steel are good for this purpose.

(m)The base plate (with heating element) for an
electric steam iron
• A clothes iron is a household appliance used to press the wrinkles out of and
creases into clothes. When the iron is turned on, the consumer moves it over an
item of clothing on an ironing board. The combination of heat and pressure
removes wrinkles
Reference: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Clothes-
Iron.html#ixzz5S8NWkwJS

• High thermal conductive.
• It should be hard.
• It should be corrosion free.

• The commonest among all is the stainless steel soleplates
• . They are the ones most available in the market.
• It is non- corrosive.
• It has moderate cost.
• Reference: https://medium.com/@ironsexpert/steam-iron-soleplate-
types-ceramic-stainless-titanium-62c60efefe7c

• Irons should be made primarily of plastic and metal (aluminum and
steel) mainly stainless steel. The materials often come to the factory
in the form of plastic resins, aluminum ingots, and steel sheets. The
metal is used to make the sole plate, thermostat and other internal
mechanisms. Plastics are used to make the exterior and handle, as
well as the water tank.
•
Read more: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Clothes-
Iron.html#ixzz5S8O97i7L

(n)The Perforated Tub of a washing machine
• Uses:
• For holding liquid for washing clothes.
• Wavy shape is used to clean the clothes.

• Not fill too much liquid.
• Other parts of machine also work accordingly.

• Light in weight.
• Non corrosive
• Tough
• Hard

Suggestion About Materials
Stainless steel is the best material for this purpose. Because it is easily
available. Low in cost. It is also non corrosive.

Question2. The frame of this pushchair was fabricated from
stainless steel tubing.
a. What properties make stainless steel particularly suitable for this
product?
ANS:
1. Corrosion Resistance
2. Ease of fabrication
3. High and low temperature resistance
4. Life cycle characteristics
Reference : https://www.assda.asn.au/stainless-steel/benefits-of-stainless-steel

b. What would be the disadvantages of using mild steel for this
product?
Ans:
1. Low Corrosion resistance
2. Weak Tensile Strength
3. Tough to repair
4. Not Durable
Reference: http://eshaji.in/technical-info/ms-flanges/

c. Some pushchairs are made from aluminum. State one advantage and
one disadvantage of using aluminum for this product.
Ans:
Advantage:
1. High Strength to weight ratio.
Disadvantages:
1. Required Special processes to be welded.
• Reference: https://www.elval.com/en/about-aluminium-aluminium-alloys-and-
properties

Question3. Why do you think the base of most of the machine tools,
like drill press and lathe, is made up of gray cast iron?
Ans:
1. Resistance to Deformation
2. Resistance to Oxidation
3. High Compressive Strength
Reference: Notes of Ajay Bhardwaj ( Department of Mechanical Engineer )

Question4. Let’s explore a 4-stroke engine a. Find a picture of each of the
following parts of a 4-stroke engine and briefly explain its function. It is
recommended to watch a video of working of a 4-stroke engine to get an
idea of different parts.
Engine Block:
Function: The purpose of the engine block is to support the components of the engine.
Additionally, the engine block transfers heat from friction to the atmosphere and engine
coolant
Reference:
https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/.../Engine/engine%20block.html

Cylinder Head:
Function:
They're key to controlling air flow in and out of the cylinders and fuel deployment.
Reference:
https://www.perkins.com/en_GB/aftermarket/overhaul/overhaul.../cylinder-
head.html

Crankshaft:
Function:
A crankshaft converts the linear motion of the piston(s) into the rotational motion
of the engine's output shaft. It also generally provides drive to the camshaft(s) and
oil pump, as well as other devices.
• Reference: www.enginebasics.com/.../Basic%20Camshaft%20Understanding.html

Camshaft:
Function:
The camshaft is a mechanical component of an internal combustionengine. It
opens and closes the inlet and exhaust valves of the engine at the right time, with
the exact stroke and in a precisely defined sequence.
Reference: https://www.my-
cardictionary.com/cardictionary/products/produkt/.../camshaft.html

Connecting Rod:
Function:
A connecting rod is an engine component that transfers motion from the piston to
the crankshaft and functions as a lever arm.
Reference:
courses.washington.edu/engr100/Section_Wei/engine/.../Connecting%20Rod.htm

Piston:
Function:
in an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to
the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod.
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston

Gear:
Function:
The main purpose of gears is to transmit power or torque or to change the
rotational speed of an output shaft with respect to an input shaft.
• Reference: gearproperties.com.hk/

Flywheel:
Function:
the function of a flywheel which stores energy from Power stroke and distributes it to
other three strokes for the movement of the piston and thus providing remaining of
the energy to the engine shaft as output energy
• Reference: https://www.mecholic.com › Machine Design › Theory of
Machines

Valves:
Function:
the intake of fuel and air. Then they must seal compression. After the explosion
the exhaust valve must permit the burned gases to leave the combustion chamber
Reference: www.kwik-way.com/techdoc/blog1.php/valve-functions

Spark Plug:
Function:
A spark plug is essentially an electrical gadget that fits into your engine's cylinder head,
where it “sparks” to ignite the fuel. The plug is connected to the ignition coil that generates
the high voltage needed to spark the fuel and create combustion within your engine.
Reference: https://www.autoanything.com/ignition-systems/what-do-spark-plugs-do.aspx

b. In order to perform the function given in part a above, what properties
(physical and / or mechanical) must that part possess? Which material will you
recommend to achieve these properties? Justify your selection.
Part : Engine block (Cylinder)
Properties: wear resistance, long lasting , withstand high temperature, vibration
when the engine is running
Selected Material: Aluminum Alloy casted engine block
Justifications: Aluminum alloy has a good machinability properties compared with
grey cast iron. Aluminum alloys main feature for its popularity is its low weight
Reference: http://newengineeringpractice.blogspot.com/2011/08/engine-block-
manufacturing-process.html

Part : Cylinder Head
Properties: Thermal conductivity
Material: Aluminium Alloy
Justification: it allows a more rapid extraction of the combustion heat compared to
grey iron.
Reference: https://www.european-aluminium.eu/.../aam-applications-power-train-
4-cylinder-head...

Part: Crankshaft
Properties: High Strength
Material: Carbon Steel
Justifications: High strength is obviously a benefit in terms of enabling the crankshaft to
survive the various stresses which result from the loads applied to the piston
Reference: www.epi-eng.com/piston_engine_technology/crankshaft_design_issues.htm

Part: Camshaft
Properties: Good Strength
Material: Billet Steel
Justification: when the camshaft move in its position their will be strength required
so that material could not easily break
Reference: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Camshaft

Part: Connecting Rods
Properties: More Durable
Material: Steel and aluminium alloys
Justifications: for lightness and the ability to absorb high impact at the expense of
durability
Reference:
courses.washington.edu/engr100/Section_Wei/engine/.../Connecting%20Rod.htm

Part: Piston
Properties: excellent and lightweight thermal conductivity.
Material: cast aluminum alloy
Justification: Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct and
transfer heat. Aluminum expands when heated, and proper clearance must be
provided to maintain free piston movement
Reference : https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-8348-8662-0_1

Part: Gears
Properties: High tensile strength and Low coefficient of friction.
Material: Cast Iron
Justification: Cast iron is a common gear material due to its good wearing
properties, machinability, and the ease of producing complicated shapes via metal
casting.
Reference: https://www.machinedesign.com/engineering-essentials/gears-look-
future-material

Part: Flywheel
Properties: Withstand pressure
Material : Cast Iron
Justification: Cast iron flywheel can be given any complex shape without machining
operation. Ability to damp vibrations.
• Reference: https://www.mecholic.com › Machine Design › Theory of
Machines

Part: Valves
Properties: Corrosion resistance , Long working life
Material: Stainless Steel.
Justification: No corrosion if stainless steel is used and it will give long term use
Reference: https://www.kitzus-kca.com/pdfs/Commercial/Butterfly/other/BFV-
15.pdf

Part: Spark Plug
Properties: Thermal Conductive
Material: Copper
Justification: If the Spark Plug is not thermal conductive than with the presence of
heat and electric current it will not work properly.
• Reference: ttps://engineeringinsider.org/spark-plug/

Part-03: Video-Based Questions
1. Transcribe the video provided in downloaded form as ‘Video 001’.
Ans:
Alumininum:
• Lighter weight
• Thermal Conductive
• Aluminium forms Oxide Layer
• Good conductor of electricity
Examples: Aeroplane , Train, electricity wires , engine block of motorcycle
Reference : Video 1

Gears:
Gears shown in the video made from cast iron and the other made up
of steel and the other which is just next to the steel is made up tufnol
And the gears can also be made from brass. It can also be made from
Cast bronze and plastics.
A wide variety of material can make similar components.

Saw Blade:
• The material in the saw blade is chosen to cut metals. The fact that
the material behave is the property of material.

Car Body:
• It must me made of material that is strong, steel is one the material
used for making car body. It has one of property that spot welding
together that is a useful way of joining parts.

Injection Molding:
• It has a property that at suitable temperature it melt.It contains
thousands of tiny granules. It is injected to a shape of suitable mold
to make a gear. This process is relative a easier and quicker way of
making gears. It don’t possess the property of strength for this it is
made of steel.

Steel Gears:
• Steel cant be mold so the teeth to be obtain are cut one by one so to
gain strength we have lost the property of moldability.

Steel Cables:
• It should be strong. the property of being pulling or tensile forces is
known as tensile strength . Tensile strength is also required in pulling
cable. These are made of high tensile steel.

Piston:
• In pistons there are both tensile and compressive strength. A material
which is withstand pushing and compressive forces has the property
of compressive strength.

Copper rod:
Take a copper rod and reduce the diameter from one end by get its end
through the die and now this end is held by clamp. The clamp is so
arranged the wire can be pulled through the die and after this it
become longer it become drowned out.
The material which is drowned out is called ductile.

Aluminium wires:
• The aluminium wires are taken from the drum and passed through
the die and round the capstan and its passes through another die and
the wire becomes longer and longer.
• Ductility is the property that enables a material to elongated or
drowned out into a wire.

Cutting tools:
• The property which mostly involve in cutting tools is hardness.
• Hardness is the ability to withstand in indentation and abrasion.

Springs:
• Springs are designed to explode the elastic property of material they
made from.
• If the material can be deformed and returns into its original
dimension when the deforming force is removed, we say it has
elasticity.

Q2. Watch the ‘Video 002’ to answer the following questions:
a. What is the name of the test shown in this video?
Ans :Rockwell Hardness Test

b. What is it used for?
Ans: To measure permanent depth of indentation of hard indenter under large
load.

c. With the help of a figure, explain the steps required to perform this
test.
Ans:
Step 1:
Diamond indenter is pressed on depth test piece surface using minor force
F1 =10kp. Depth of test piece under preliminary load is reference point.
Picture Reference: Rockwell hardness test images

Step:2
Force increased by 140kp acts as a major force. The overall force is 150kp
acting on indenter. This force helds for a certain time.

Step:3
Major force is removed again while minor force still acting. The permanent
increase in depth of indentation “e” is measured.
This is how Rockwell Hardness(HRC)=(0.2 - e)500
Picture Reference: Rockwell hardness test images

3. Watch the ‘Video 03’ to answer the following questions:
Ans: Brinell Hardness Test.
load.

test.
Ans:
Step 1:
Pressed hard spherical indenter with an exactly defined force onto the test
piece.
Picture Reference: brinell hardness test images

Step 2:
After this indenter automatically lift up and measure the diameter of spherical
indentation by:
Brinell Hardness(HB)=
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴
Picture Reference: brinell hardness test images

4. Watch the ‘Video 004’ to answer the following questions:
Ans: Vickers Hardness Test
load.

test.
Ans:
Step 1:
Pressed the pyramidal shape diamond indenter with an exactly
defined force on the test piece.
Picture Refrence: Vickers hardness test images

Step 2:
With the control nobs we measure the length of two diagnols.
Vickers Hardness HV=

Question 5: Compare the tests described in question 2, 3, and 4.
Factor (name of test shown in Q2) (name of test shown in Q3) (name of test shown in Q4)
Hardware Diamond indenter Spherical indenter Pyramidal shape diamond
indenter
Mechanism Indentation of hard
indenter
Indentation of hard
indenter
Indentation of hard
indenter
Scale(s) of measurement HRC=(0.2 – e) 500 HB=
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴
HV=

Question 06:
a. The name of test is charpy impact test.
b. It is used to measure toughness of test specimen
c. Presets to perform this test
1: the pendulum on the machine has heavy weight this is lifted in
starting position in step one
2: then tester check weather it is accurate by drag indicator
downward and release the pendulum with a test specimen
3 the drag indicator stops at zero so it is in standard position and
friction is compensate.

Test 01: strain aged plain carbon steel s235
1: test specimen is placed on the lower part of machine just with the
center device than turn the indicator downward the pendulum is
released its swings downward and hit the specimen with round wheel
2: the specimen absorbed pendulum energy and pendulum does not
reach the full height on other side the amount of energy which is
absorbed by the specimen can be read on the position of drag indicator
Potential energy before releasing=m.g.H

3: After releasing it goes to a height h
Potential energy=mgh

4: Energy absorbed by specimen
K.V=mgH-mgh

Test 02: Normalized steel S325
• The procedure is same as above the only difference is that impacts
are much deeper than before.

Temperature dependence of the notch impact energy

Question 07:
a. The name of this test is tensile test
b. It is used for measuring plastic behavior and strength of test
specimen
c. Test 01( yield phenomenon) procedure :
1: test specimen is marked with equal lines
2: than it is clamped in the machine
3: machine is checked that every thing is okay
4:test specimen is elongated with constant speed
5:Elongation is recorded and a graph is drawn between change in
length and force

• Test 02 procedure:
The procedure is same as above test
In this strength is calculated without yield phenomenon

Materials Properties

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