It well describes the structures and function of polysaccharide carbohydrates (homosaccharides and heterosaccharides) with all the bonds.

4. Starch is water and alcohol
insoluble.
Starch is manufactured in the leaves
from excess glucose and serves
the plant as a reserve food supply.
Starch is stored in chloroplasts in the
form of granules and in storage organs
roots (cassava plant), tuber
(potato), stem pith (sago),
and seeds (corn, wheat, and rice).

5. Starch has branching after 12-24
subunits whereas glycogen has
branching after 8-12 subunits.
Is abundant in liver as
storage material.
Why glucose and not
glucose is the storage
material?

6. Chicory
The inulins belong to a class of dietary
fibers known as fructans.
Inulin is used as a means of storing energy
in plants such as agave, wheat, wheat,
onion, bananas, garlic, asparagus and
chicory.
Inulin is used for regulating cold resistance
as is osmotically active can change
the osmotic potential of their cells by
changing the degree of polymerization of
inulin molecules by hydrolysis.

7. It is present in the cell wall of the plants.
Hydrogen bonding b/w the strands give strength
to cellulose.
Only broken down by enzyme cellulase released
by bacteria (Trichonympha).

8. Chitosan is N-deacetylated derivative of chitin.
It is polymer of glucose which has NH2 at C2.
Chitin has 3 polymorphic forms:
α chitin: most abundant form
antiparallel configuration
strong H- bonding
insoluble in water
β chitin: found in diatom spines
and squid pens
parallel configuration
weak H- bonding
soluble in water
γ chitin: mixture of α and β chitin

9. SUGAR ACIDS

10. Sugar alcohols have the general formula
HOCH2(CHOH)nCH2OH.
They have –OH attached to each carbon.
Unlike sugars, which tend to exist as rings,
sugar alcohols do not.
They can be dehydrated to give cyclic
ethers, e.g. sorbitol can be dehydrated
to isosorbide
SUGAR ALCOHOLS

11. AMINOSUGARS
Most common amino sugars are the 2-aminoaldohexoses (D-glucosamine and
D-galactosamine).
The amino groups usually occur as the N-acetyl derivatives.
N-Acetylmuramic acid, a constituent of a bacterial cell wall polysaccharide, has
a lactyl side chain linked to C3 of glucosamine through an ether linkage.

13. Hyaluronic acid is binds to water molecules, which helps keep the skin hydrated and
supple. It speeds up wound healing by controlling inflammation and redirecting blood
vessels to areas of damaged skin.
Digested by enzyme Hyaluronan, secreated by some pathogenic bacteria.
Glc A: D-glucuronic acid, GlcNAc: N-acetylglucosamine
“Hyalos” means “glass” because of
glassy or translucent appearance.
Hyaluronic acid forms a clear and
viscous fluid of joints and vitrous
humor of eye. Present in ECM of
cartilage and tendons to which it
gives tensile strength and elasticity.

14. Heparin is present
within mast cells and
can be viewed as a
more sulfated and is
tissue-specific.
Heparan sulfate (HS)
are ubiquitous
components of the cell
surface and
extracellular matrix of
all multicellular
animals.
Glc A: Glucuronic acid
Ido A: Iduronic acid O-sulfonation
(C5 epimer of Glc A)
GlcNAc: N-Acetyl glucosamine.

15. Is polysaccharide of (1–3)-β-N-acetyl-D-
galactosamine (4S/6S) [GlaNAc] and (1–4)-β-
glucuronic acid [GlcA].
“Chondros”means “ cartilage”
Contributes to the tensile strength of cartilage,
tendons, ligaments and wall of aorta.

16. “Derma” means “skin”.
Contributes to the pliability of skin
and is present in blood vessels and
heart valves.
Involved in cardiovascular disease,
tumorigenesis, wound repair,
regulation of blood coagulation and
the response to infection.