3D printing is fully described here. Anyone can understand it by going through the slides just once. Each slide is carefully created with no errors. Engineering students you can see this and make your own slides.

1. Presented By:
Saikat Patra (12000513042)
Subhra Sankha Bhattacharya (12000513050)
Surafuddin Mondal (12000513055)
Utsav Chakraborty (12000513057)

2.  INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
 PROCESSES & TECHNIQUES
 MANUFACTURING
APPLICATIONS
 SOCIOCULTURAL
APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION

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 3D Printing also known as additive printing refers to various
processes used to synthesize a three dimensional object.
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 These objects can be of almost any shape or geometry and are
produced from a 3D model or other electronic data source.
 In 3D printing, successive layers of material are formed under
computer control to create an object.

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 In an additive process, an object is created by laying down
successive layers of material until the entire object is created.
Is subtractive manufacturing possible?

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 3D Printing signals the beginning of a third industrial revolution.
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 3D printing in the term's original sense refers to processes
that sequentially deposit material onto a powder bed with
inkjet printer heads.
 Using the power of the Internet, it may eventually be possible
to send a blueprint of any product to any place in the world to be
replicated by a 3D printer.

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 Early Additive Manufacturing (or AM) equipment and materials
were developed in the 1980s.
 First patent application was filed by Dr. Hideo Kodama of Japan in
1980.
 The first patent was issued to Charles Hull for stereo lithography in
1986.
 EOS sold its first stereos system in 1990.
 During the period 1998-2005 various other 3D printer manufacturing
Companies came up like- Stratasys, Sanders Prototype, Arcam,
Object Geometries, EnVision Tech.

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 Dr Bowyer conceived the RepRap concept of an open source, self
replicating 3D printer in 2004.
 The first system under $10,000 form 3D systems in 2007.
 The first commercially available 3D printer came into market
in 2009.
 Alternative 3D printing processes were introduced at the entry level
of the market in 2012.
 Stratasys acquires MakerBot in 2013

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The general principles include:
1. Modelling
2. Printing
3. Finishing
MODELLING:
3D printable models may be created with a computer aided design
(CAD) package, via a 3D scanner or by a plain digital camera and
photogrammetric software.

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PRINTING:
Before printing a 3D model from an STL file, it must first be examined for
errors. In fact, most of the CAD softwares produced errors in the STL files
In 3D scanning the error is even more.
The errors are examined and rectified by the user.
Processed by a piece of software called a "slicer," which converts the model
into a series of thin layers and produces a G-code file containing
instructions tailored to a specific type of 3D printer.
Construction of a model with contemporary methods can take anywhere from
several hours to several days, depending on the method used and the size and
complexity of the model.

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FINISHING:
Printer-produced resolution is sufficient for many applications, printing
a slightly oversized version of the desired object in standard resolution
and then removing material with a higher-resolution subtractive
process can achieve greater precision.

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 Since 2010, the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) group developed a set of standards
that classify the 3d printing process into 7 catagories:-
 1) Vat Photopolymerisation
 2) Material Jetting
 3) Binder Jetting
 4) Material Extrusion
 5) Powder Bed Fusion
 6) Sheet Lamination
 7) Directed Energy Deposition

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Vat Photopolymerisation
 Invented in 1986 by Charles Hull,
who also at the time founded the
company, 3D Systems.
 Most commonly used technology
in this processes is Stereo
lithography (SLA).
 A computer-controlled moving
laser beam is used to build up the
required structure, layer by layer,
from a liquid polymer that hardens
on contact with laser light.

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Binder Jetting
 This technology was first
developed at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in 1993.
 In the build chamber, powder is
spread in equal layers and binder
is applied through jet nozzles that
“glue” the powder particles in the
shape of a programmed 3D
object.
 The finished object is “glued
together” by binder remains in
the container with the powder
base material.

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Powder Bed Fusion
 The most commonly used
technology in this processes
is Selective laser sintering
(SLS).
 This technology uses a high
power laser to fuse small
particles of plastic, metal,
ceramic or glass powders into
a mass that has the desired
three dimensional shape.
 After each cross-section is
scanned, the powder bed is
lowered by one layer
thickness. Then a new layer of
material is applied on top and
the process is repeated until
the object is completed.

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Directed Energy Deposition
 This process is mostly used in the
high-tech metal industry and in
rapid manufacturing applications.
 The 3D printing apparatus is
usually attached to a multi-axis
robotic arm and consists of a
nozzle that deposits metal powder
or wire on a surface and an
energy source (laser, electron
beam or plasma arc) that melts it,
forming a solid object.
 Sciaky is a major tech company
in this area

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Manufacturing applications:
Rapid manufacturing
Rapid prototyping
Research
Food
Medical applications

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Sociocultural applications:
 Art
 Communication
 Domestic Use
 Education and Research
 Environmental Use
 Cultural Heritage

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