1. +
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
IMPORTANCE IN
PROSPECT EVALUATION
Hydrocarbon traps can be structural, stratigraphic or a
combination of both. Either way, the structural geological
history of these traps must be understood in order to
minimize the risk of drilling a dry holewww.valioso.rocks

2. +
Perform Trap integrity prediction through aWork
flow combining cap rock and fault seal analyses
Where is Structural Geology important within the
three remaining risk elements?
Trap integrity is one of 4 components
comprising geological success
prospects risking and generating
estimates of hydrocarbon reserves.
The three remaining elements are
source,
reservoir and
dynamics (timing/ migration).

3. +
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Definition
! Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional
distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational
histories.The primary goal of structural geology is to use
measurements of present-day rock geometries to uncover
information about the history of deformation (strain) in the
rocks, and ultimately, to understand the stress field that
resulted in the observed strain and geometries.This
understanding of the dynamics of the stress field can be
linked to important events in the regional geologic past; a
common goal is to understand the structural evolution of a
particular area with respect to regionally widespread
patterns of rock deformation due to plate tectonics.

4. +
TRAP INTEGRITY
Sealing
! Sealing mechanisms of cap rocks and faults are
represented by six parameters that input into the
integrated work flow:
• Cap Rock Capacity,
• Cap Rock Geometry,
• Cap Rock Integrity,
• Fault Plane Capacity,
• Juxtaposition Lithology Capacity and
• Post- Charge Reactivation.

5. +
TRAP INTEGRITY
Sealing probability
! Quantitative values are used to set sealing probabilities
that correspond to each of these parameters listed above,
and subjective descriptions of data quality and quantity
are used to modify them according to their uncertainty.
! Sealing probabilities are combined in a way consistent
with geological concepts to evaluate the probability of a
sealing cap rock (Pcap), the probability that the bounding
fault is sealing (Pfault) and the combined probability that
the trap is sealing (Pseal).

6. +
EXPLORATION PERFORMANCE
Risk & Uncertainty Analysis
! Employ risk and uncertainty analyses in order to maximize
exploration performance and optimize portfolio management. Otis
and Schneidermann (1997) approach is based on the play concept;
source, reservoir, trap and dynamics (timing/migration). Risk
assessment assigns a probability of success between 0 (failure) and
1 (success) to each of these four parameters and the multiplicative
result yields the probability of geologic success (MacKay, 1996; Otis
and Schneidermann, 1997).

7. +
TRAP
Geologic Risk
! concentrates on the input parameters that comprise the geologic risk of the trap within
the play concept
! determine a relationship between six elements of geologic risk, based on the sealing
mechanisms of faults and cap rocks rather than using subjective estimates
! in order to fully assess the geologic risk of a hydrocarbon trap, the critical parameters
for the cap rock must be evaluated and combined with those of the bounding faults
! provide a framework for quantifying the risks associated with cap rocks and
incorporating it with a modified Jones et al. (2002) fault-seal relationship, to give a
single quantitative relationship for evaluating the geologic risk associated with a
hydrocarbon trap
! The six risk parameters are presented in the context of fundamental tenets that
describe cap rock seal, fault seal and the overall hydrocarbon integrity of the trap
! Methods are suggested to enable the conversion of quantitative parameter analyses
into corresponding probabilities of sealing.

8. +
TRAP INTEGRITY
Holistic Workflow
! a trap can be comprehensively assessed.
! the work flow assure that all failure mechanisms are considered,
independent of the evaluation methodology used in each case.
! the integrated seal integrity study focus on the parameters deemed
critical in the context of that trap or basin.
A structurally bound trap is considered to be sealing if both the cap
rock and bounding faults are sealing (Mildren et al., 2011 )
A fault is sealing if deformation processes have created a membrane
seal or if it juxtaposes sealing rocks against reservoir rocks, and the
fault has not been reactivated post-charge (Jones and Hillis, 2003).

9. +
TRAP INTEGRITY EVALUATION
Workflow process
Work flow for
assessing the
probability that a
trap is sealing,
based on six
sealing
parameters.
Venn diagrams
illustrating the
relationships
between key cap
parameters for
the probability of
cap rock seal and
the probability of
fault seal are also
included.
Probability
domains are
shaded in blue
sealing (Mildren
et al.,2011).

10. +
PROSPECT RISK
Structure Geological perspective
Regardless trap type, Evaluating the
structural geological history of the trap
from source, reservoir and dynamics
(timing/ migration) aspect are all
important.
Just to exemplify this, the prospect
geological history within this
petroleum system gets into trouble
around 50 Ma ago when the re-
migration due to tilting occurs.
Therefore, performing an appropriate
structural reconstruction of this
prospect would be appropriate.

11. +
PROSPECT RISK
Structure Geological perspective
Three-dimensional
numerical models
allow predictions of
petroleum migration
pathways and
accumulations through
time. Example shows
predicted migration at
14 Ma.
In order for the model
to make accurate
prediction, there is a
need for good
structural maps of
surfaces from source
to potential
overburden surfaces
of potential prospects/
leads or fields.
(Mark A. Engle, Elisabeth L. Rowan, 2012)

12. +
PROSPECT RISK
Other Geological perspectives
There are of course a
multiple of other
parameters required in
order to make best
estimates of reservoir and
migration capacities, such
as temperature,
geochemical parameters of
source rock and lithology
of transport layers and
reservoir.We do however
not cover these in this
presentation.
(Friedemann Baur, 2009)

13. +
PROSPECT RISK
Other Geological perspectives
How migration rates, pathways and trapping
of hydrocarbons are influenced by capillary
forces resulting from variations in the
internal surface area of the lithologies
constituting the stratigraphy of sedimentary
basins.
Being able to describe the spatial
distribution of fractures and faults together
with their hydrological properties (e.g.,
Jamison and Stearns 1982, Antonellini &
Aydin 1994, 1995).
Here the Illustrations to the left shows
reconstructions of faulted basin stratigraphy
as geological basis of the simulation.
(R. Sachsenhofer et al, 2013)

14. +
About myself
Stig-Arne Kristoffersen is a Corporate exec with substantial corporate
experience. Stig-Arne provide preemptive support in German or English, with
basic skill set in Russian.
Kristoffersen focus on Knowledge Based Information processes and systems
within oil and gas industry, contract drafting, asset negotiations within real
estate and energy sectors. Stig Arne has a broad experience in all aspects of
Geo-science. Direct experience with energy business, technical consulting and
venture capital.
Stig has extensive experience in play development and prospect generation in
various basins globally. Stig Arne has performed a large variation of risk
assessment as part of prospect maturation with HI-end tools from various
vendors like Schlumberger, Paladin, SMT etc.
Stig Arne has participated in multiple projects with efficient Exploration and
Production of oil and gas resources, and experience in making quick
turnaround from resource to reserves. Utilizing acceptable international
renown techniques to achieve the goal of the projects are always the goal.
www.Valioso.Rocks