Engineering Geology presentation

1. Presentation of Geology-II Date:-12-13/06/2019
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Table of Content
 Maps: Topographic map, Engineering Geological map, Geological map (definition).
Topic No.01
 Difference between Topographic and Engineering Geological map.
Topic No.02
 Uses of Topographic map.
Topic No.03
 Uses of Engineering Geological map.
Topic No.04
Group G
Members of Group G Roll Number
1. Lax man Karki JEC/074/041
2. Leeza Kunwar JEC/074/042
3. Kanchan Joshi JEC/074/039
4. Kamal Chaudhary JEC/074/038
5. Lalit Kumar Kushawa JEC/074/040
6. Kamal Khadka JEC/074/037

2. Presentation of Geology-II Date:-12-13/06/2019
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Topic No: 01
 Topographical Map
A topographic map is a detailed and accurate two-dimensional representation of
natural and human-made features on the Earth's surface. Mapping is a crucial part of
earth science. Topographic maps represent the locations of major geological
features. Topographic maps use a special type of line, called a contour line, to show
different elevations on a map. Contour lines are drawn on a topographic map to show
the location of hills, mountains and valleys. These maps are used for a number of
applications, from camping, hunting, fishing, and hiking to urban planning, resource
management, and surveying.
 Engineering Geological Map
A geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map made to
show geological features. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols
to indicate where they are exposed at the surface. Bedding planes and structural
features such as faults, folds, foliations, and lineation are shown with strike and
dip symbols which give these features three-dimensional orientations.
Stratigraphic contour lines may be used to illustrate the surface of a
selected stratum illustrating the subsurface topographic trends of the strata. Isopach
maps detail the variations in thickness of stratigraphic units. It is not always possible
to properly show this when the strata are extremely fractured, mixed, in some
discontinuities, or where they are otherwise disturbed.
1. Rock
A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate
of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included,
its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed. Rocks are usually
grouped into three main groups:-
a) Igneous rocks
b) Metamorphic rocks and,
c) Sedimentary rocks.

3. Presentation of Geology-II Date:-12-13/06/2019
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Figure 1:-Photos of Upper Mustang

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2. Bedding Planes
Beds are the layers of sedimentary rocks that are distinctly different from
overlying and underlying subsequent beds of different sedimentary rocks.
Layers of beds are called stratigraphy or strata. They are formed from
sedimentary rocks being deposited on the Earth's solid surface over a long
periods of time.
Figure:- Photos of Bedding Planes
3. Faults
A fault is a crack or fracture in Earth's crust caused by the movement of
landmasses, called plates, on either side of the fault line. Faults are found
either at the surface (fault surface) or underground (fault plane). Most
earthquakes occur along fault lines. The principle types of faults are: normal,

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reverse, thrust, and slip-strike.
4. Folds
Folds occur when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such
as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of
permanent deformation. Folds form under varied conditions
of stress, hydrostatic pressure, pore pressure, and temperature gradient, as
evidenced by their presence in soft sediments, the full spectrum of

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metamorphic rocks, and even as primary flow structures in some igneous rocks.
5. Foliations
Foliation in geology refers to repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks. Each
layer can be as thin as a sheet of paper, or over a meter in thickness. It is
caused by shearing forces (pressures pushing different sections of the rock in
different directions), or differential pressure (higher pressure from one

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direction than in others).
6. Lineation
Lineation may be defined in a more precise way as any linear fabric element; it
may be primary igneous or sedimentary structure or a secondary related to
deformation.
7. Isopach Maps
An isopach map illustrates thickness variations within a tabular unit, layer
or stratum. Isopachs are contour lines of equal thickness over an area.
Isopach maps are utilized in hydrographic
survey, stratigraphy, sedimentology, structural geology, petroleum geology
and volcanology. An isopach map is similar to an isochore map, but these terms
actually describe different methods of displaying thickness variations within a

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layer.
 Geological Maps
A map on which is recorded geologic information, such as the distribution, nature, and
age relationships of rock units (surficial deposits may or may not be mapped
separately), and the occurrence of structural features (folds, faults, joints), mineral
deposits, and fossil localities. It may indicate geologic structure by means of
formationaloutcrop patterns, by conventional symbols giving the direction and
amount of dip at certain points, or by structure-contour lines.

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Topic No.02
 Difference between Topographic and Engineering Geological Map.
Topographic maps reveal the shape of a landscape. Elevations indicate height above
sea level. Contour intervals are the difference in elevation between two contour
lines. Geologic maps show rock units and geologic features, like faults and folds.
Topic No.03
 Uses of Topographic map.
A topographic map is a detailed and accurate two-dimensional representation of
natural and human-made features on the Earth's surface. These maps are used for a
number of applications, from camping, hunting, fishing, and hiking to urban planning,
resource management, and surveying.
Topic No.04
 Uses of Engineering Geological map.
Engineering Geologic maps represent the distribution of different types of rock and
surficial deposits, as well as locations of geologic structures such as faults and folds.
Geologic maps are the primary source of information for various aspects of land-use
planning, including the siting of buildings and transportation systems.

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