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103 Basic network concepts
1.
www.huawei.com Copyright © 2018
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Basic Network Concepts
2.
Page 2 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Foreword To understand security technologies, you first need to learn about basic network concepts, such as basic communication principles, network components, and common network protocols. With knowledge of these basic concepts, you can better understand network security threats and deploy security defense policies.
3.
Page 3 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Objectives Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Describe the working principles of TCP/IP protocols. Describe the working principles of common protocols. Describe possible security threats to common protocols.
4.
Page 4 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. TCP/IP Architecture 2. Common Network Protocols
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Page 5 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Architecture of a Typical Campus Network Core layer Aggregation layer Access layer Egress zone …
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Page 6 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. OSI Model Objectives Design principles Advantages
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Page 7 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. 7 Layers of the OSI Model Provides communications between applications. Processes data formats and encrypts data. Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data Link layer Physical layer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Establishes, maintains, and manages sessions. Establishes E2E connections for hosts. Performs addressing and routing. Provides media access and link management. Transmits bit streams. APDU PPDU SPDU Segment Packet Frame Bit Top three layers Bottom four layers
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Page 8 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Peer Layer Communications Each layer uses the services provided by the lower layer to communicate with the peer layer. Host A Host B APDU PPDU SPDU Segment Packet Frame Bit Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data Link layer Physical layer Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data Link layer Physical layer
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Page 10 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Mapping Between TCP/IP and OSI The TCP/IP protocol stack has a simple hierarchical design and a clear mapping relationship with the OSI model. OSI TCP/IP Physical layer Data Link layer Network layer Transport layer Session layer Presentation layer Application layer Network access layer Internet layer Transport layer Application layer
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Page 11 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Functions of Each Layer of the TCP/IP Provides network interfaces for applications. Establishes E2E connections for hosts. Performs addressing and routing. Performs physical media access. HTTP, Telnet, FTP, TFTP, and DNS Network access layer Internet layer Transport layer Application layer Ethernet, 802.3, PPP, HDLC, and FR TCP/UDP IP ICMP & IGMP ARP & RARP
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Page 13 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Encapsulation and Decapsulation Processes of the TCP/IP User data App TCP IP Eth 1010101101010100101010001110 Encapsulation Decapsulation Sender Recipient IP User data User data User data App App App TCP TCP Network access layer Internet layer Transport layer Application layer Network access layer Internet layer Transport layer Application layer
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Page 15 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Quintuple SNMP FTP HTTP Telnet SMTP DNS TFTP TCP UDP IP packet Quintuple 80 20/21 23 25 53 69 161 Source IP address + destination IP address + protocol + source port + destination port
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Page 16 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. TCP/IP Architecture 2. Common Network Protocols Network Layer Protocols Transport Layer Protocols Application Layer Protocols
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Page 17 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Common Network Protocols ICMP OSPF/RIP NMS NetStream ARP SNMP PC 1 PC 2
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Page 18 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Overview of ARP Before sending a data packet to Host C, Host A needs to obtain the MAC address of Host C. 10.0.0.1/24 00-01-02-03-04-AA 10.0.0.3/24 00-01-02-03-04-CC 192.168.1.2/24 00-01-02-03-04-BB Host A Host C
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Page 19 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. ARP Request Host A 192.168.1.2/24 00-01-02-03-04-BB Host C Host B 10.0.0.3/24 00-01-02-03-04-CC 10.0.0.1/24 00-01-02-03-04-AA Source MAC address: 00-01-02-03-04-AA Destination MAC address: FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF ARP Destination IP address: 10.0.0.3 Source IP address: 10.0.0.1 Destination MAC address: 00-00-00-00-00-00 Source MAC address: 00-01-02-03-04-AA Operation type: Request ETH_II FCS
17.
Page 20 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. ARP Reply (1) Host A 192.168.1.2/24 00-01-02-03-04-BB Host C Host B 10.0.0.3/24 00-01-02-03-04-CC 10.0.0.1/24 00-01-02-03-04-AA Host C>arp -a Internet address Physical address Type 10.0.0.1 00-01-02-03-04-AA Dynamic
18.
Page 21 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. ARP Reply (2) Host B Destination IP address: 10.0.0.1 Source IP address: 10.0.0.3 Source MAC address: 00-01-02-03-04-AA Source MAC address: 00-01-02-03-04-CC Operation type: Reply Host A 192.168.1.2/24 00-01-02-03-04-BB Host C 10.0.0.3/24 00-01-02-03-04-CC 10.0.0.1/24 00-01-02-03-04-AA Source MAC address: 00-01-02-03-04-CC Destination MAC address: 00-01-02-03-04-AA ARP ETH_II FCS
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Page 22 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Gratuitous ARP Gratuitous ARP can be used to detect whether IP addresses conflict. Host A 10.0.0.1/24 00-01-02-03-04-AA Destination IP address: 10.0.0.1 Source IP address: 10.0.0.1 Destination MAC address: 00-00-00-00-00-00 Source MAC address: 00-01-02-03-04-AA Source MAC address: 00-01-02-03-04-AA Destination MAC address: FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF ARP ETH_II FCS
20.
Page 23 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction to ICMP ICMP is used to transmit error, control, and query messages. Message Return Message Host A
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Page 24 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. ICMP Application: Ping (1) Router A Router B 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.2/24 <Router A>ping ? STRING<1-255> IP address or hostname of a remote system -a Select source IP address, the default is the IP address of the output interface -c Specify the number of echo requests to be sent, the default is 5 -d Specify the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used -f Set Don't Fragment flag in packet (IPv4-only) -h Specify TTL value for echo requests to be sent, the default is 255 -i Select the interface sending packets …
22.
Page 25 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. ICMP Application: Ping (2) [Router A]ping 192.168.1.2 PING 192.168.1.2 : 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break Reply from 192.168.1.2 : bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time=340 ms Reply from 192.168.1.2 : bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time=10 ms Reply from 192.168.1.2 : bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time=30 ms Reply from 192.168.1.2 : bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time=30 ms Reply from 192.168.1.2 : bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=255 time=30 ms --- 192.168.1.2 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 5 packet(s) received 0.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 10/88/340 ms
23.
Page 26 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. ICMP Application: Tracert (1) Host A Host B Router A Router C Router B 10.0.0.2/24 20.0.0.2/24 30.0.0.2/24 <Router A>tracert ? STRING<1-255> IP address or hostname of a remote system -a Set source IP address, the default is the IP address of the output interface -f First time to live, the default is 1 -m Max time to live, the default is 30 -name Display the host name of the router on each hop -p Destination UDP port number, the default is 33434 -q Number of probe packets, the default is 3 -s Specify the length of the packets to be sent. The default length is 12 bytes …
24.
Page 27 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. ICMP Application: Tracert (2) The Tracert command displays each hop that packets pass through during network transmission. <Router A>tracert 30.0.0.2 Tracert to 30.0.0.2(30.0.0.2), max hops:30, packet length:40, press CTRL_C to break 1 10.0.0.2 130 ms 50 ms 40 ms 2 20.0.0.2 80 ms 60 ms 80 ms 3 30.0.0.2 80 ms 60 ms 70 ms Host A Host B Router A Router C Router B 10.0.0.2/24 20.0.0.2/24 30.0.0.2/24
25.
Page 28 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Routing Protocol Overview Routing is the most basic element in a data communications network. It is the process of selecting paths on a network through which packets are sent from a source to a destination. Routing protocols PC 1 PC 2
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Page 30 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction to OSPF No loop Fast convergence Good scalability Supporting authentication Site B Site A Site C OSPF RTB RTA RTC OSPF OSPF
27.
Page 31 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction to SNMP SNMP is used to transmit management information between the network management system (NMS) and managed devices. NMS SNMP
28.
Page 32 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. SNMP Architecture SNMP includes the NMS, agent, and MIB. An agent is a process performed on the managed devices. A MIB is a database that contains variables maintained by managed devices. Agent MIB SNMP Execute Notify Managed device NMS
29.
Page 33 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Enterprise Network O&M Understand the traffic trend of all branches and identify the devices and branches that need expansion. Analyze the distribution of branch traffic identify the value points for capacity expansion. Rank changes in branch traffic and allocate existing network resources accordingly. HQ Branch 1 Branch 2 IT engineer: Branch 1 has exhausted its bandwidth on the XYZ port. We need to purchase a new device to expand the network capacity. Supervisor: Are you sure we need to expand the capacity? Is the network fully optimized or is the service application developing rapidly? IT engineer: I have detailed network application development reports for each branch ...
30.
Page 34 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. NTA Concept and Functions Basic concept The eSight Network Traffic Analyzer (NTA) is a software-only solution. No hardware probe is required, and no additional investment is needed. The NetFlow, NetStream, and sFlow protocols are used to collect and analyze common IP packets, provide a customer analysis report, and monitor network-wide traffic in real time. This is a powerful tool for enterprise O&M management. Functions The eSight NTA provides a convenient way to monitor and analyze networks. By using the IP network traffic information provided by network devices that support NetFlow, NetStream, and sFlow, the eSight NTA analyzes network-wide traffic, provides traffic analysis reports, and displays traffic analysis results in various charts. This helps users learn about network-wide traffic, including the traffic distribution, and detect abnormal network traffic.
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Page 35 Copyright ©
2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. NetStream Overview NetStream is a Huawei-patented technology used to collect and distribute statistics about network traffic. The NDE sends the obtained statistics to the NSC for further processing, and sends the statistics to the NDA for analysis. The results of the analysis provide a basis for network accounting and planning. NDE NDE NSC NSC NDA NetStream stream
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. TCP/IP Architecture 2. Common Network Protocols Network Layer Protocols Transport Layer Protocols Application Layer Protocols
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Establishing TCP Connections Three-way handshake Client Server
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Disconnecting TCP Connections 4-way handshake Client Server
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. TCP/IP Architecture 2. Common Network Protocols Network Layer Protocols Transport Layer Protocols Application Layer Protocols
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Common Application Layer Protocols FTP server Mail server Web server DNS server PC
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. How DNS Works Domain name resolution is performed by a dedicated domain name system (DNS). The DNS involves the following types of servers: Root server Top-level domain name server Recursive server Cache server Client Cache server I'd like to visit www.huawei.com. The IP address of www.huawei.com. is Z.Z.Z.Z. I don't know about this. I have to ask the experts. Root server Top-level domain name server Recursive server What is the IP address corresponding to www.huawei.com? The IP address of the .huawei.com DNS server is Y.Y.Y.Y. IP:X.X.X.X IP:Y.Y.Y.Y Client Cache server I'd like to visit www.huawei.com again. The IP address of www.huawei.com. is Z.Z.Z.Z. I remember it this time. First access Second access
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. How FTP Works FTP provides an effective way to upload and download files between a server and a client. When used to transmit data, FTP establishes a control connection and a data connection between the server and the client.. User User interface Process control Data transmission process File system Process control Data transmission process File system Client Server Control connection Data connection
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. FTP Transmission Mode (1) FTP supports two modes: active mode and passive mode. In active mode, which is used by default, the client sets up the control connection and the server sets up the data connection. In passive mode, the client sets up both connections. Users can switch the mode through commands. FTP connection setup in active mode: Temporary port Temporary port Port 21 Port 20 Control connection Data connection FTP Client FTP Server
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. FTP Transmission Mode (2) FTP connection setup in passive mode: Temporary port Temporary port Port 21 Temporary port Control connection Data connection FTP Client FTP Server
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. HTTP/HTTPS: Basic Components of a Web Application The web is built on a client-server architecture and relies on three essential technologies: Using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), used to describe a file Using Uniform Resource Locator (URL), used to specify the file location Using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), used for client-server communication Server Client Access URL: www.huawei.com HTTP/HTTPS HTML file The URL specifies the server file. Displays on the client.
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. How HTTP Works HTTP is a stateless protocol that uses a request-response method for communication. HTTP has two types of packets: Request packet: sent from the client to the server. Response packet: returned from the server to the client. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ Hi. What can I do for you? I need the XXX file. GET /http://class/xxxx HTTP/1.1 Do you have a key? Yes, &……%@ (# OK. This is the file you want. HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. SMTP, POP3, IMAP: How Mail Is Sent and Received SMTP defines how PCs send mail to an SMTP server and how mail is transferred between SMTP servers. Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) and Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) specify how PCs manage and download mail on the mail server through client software. SMTP and POP3 (or IMAP) are deployed on the mail server by an administrator, and mail client software (such as Microsoft Outlook or Foxmail) is installed on a user's PC.
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Quiz 1. Which of the following is not in the TCP/IP model? A. Data link layer B. Transport layer C. Session layer D. Application layer 2. Which of the following packets is the first packet of the TCP three-way handshake? A. SYN+ACK B. SYN C. ACK D. FIN
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Summary TCP/IP Architecture Common Network Protocols
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2018 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Thank You www.huawei.com
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