introduction for internet connectivity

2. Internet Connectivity Principles
Internet connectivity
Introduction
Application Layer
Protocols

3. Introduction
Internet is a global network with a set of
connectivity protocols for
• Connected devices gateway for
sending the data frames of the
devices or to the devices.
• The data communicate over the
network as packets, which
communicate through a set of
routers at the Internet.
• The devices perform the controlling
and monitoring functions using the
messages, data-stacks and commands
sent through the Internet by the
applications, services or business
processes.

4. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph (ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)

5. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
which are required for processing a
received data stack at a layer and which
envelopes the data stack of the preceding
upper layer before transfer to the
succeeding lower layer.

6. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
which comprise parameters and their
encodings as per the IP protocol. IP is
Internet layer protocol at the source or
destination

7. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
which comprise parameters and their
encodings as per the IP protocol. IP is
Internet layer protocol at the source or
destination

8. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
Containing parameters whose encoding is
as per the TCP protocol. TCP is transport
layer protocol at the source or destination.

9. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
Containing parameters whose encoding is
as per the TCP protocol. TCP is transport
layer protocol at the source or destination.

10. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
Unit of data stack maximum number of
bytes, which can be processed at a layer as
per the protocol at a layer or sublayer.

11. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
sequence of bytes or words in the data
stack created at the transport layer that
transmits to the destination-end transport
layer.

12. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
Unit of data-stack maximum number of
bytes,
which can be transferred from a higher
layer to lower layer or physical network.

13. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
Set of bytes with a fixed maximum
specified size that transfers from network
layer and communicates from one router to
another, until it reaches at physical, data-
link and network layer at the receiver’s

14. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
IP packet is a data stack, which includes IP
header. It communicates from a source IP
address through the routers to the
destination IP address.

15. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
Data segment refers to data stack from
application-support layer for transport.
Application data is divided into the
segments when its size is more than the
transportable limit.

16. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
Network interface is a system software
component or hardware for facilitating
communication between two protocol
layers/computers/nodes in a network. An
interface can be addressed by a unique port
number/socket name/node id.

17. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph (ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)

18. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
• Port is an interface to the network using
a protocol that sends an application
layer data stack to the lower layer for
transmission.
• The port receives the data stack at the
receiver’s end from the lower layer.
• For example, Port 80 is assigned number
to HTTP, an application layer protocol.

19. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
• Socket is a software interface to the
network that links to data stack using a
port protocol and an IP address.
• Internet data can be considered as
communicating between the sockets.
Application data can be considered to
flow between the sockets at sender and
receiver.

20. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
Host is a device or node that connects to a
network of computers. It provides
information,
resources, services and applications to the
other nodes on the network. A network
layer assigns a host address to each host.

21. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
IP host is the one that uses the Internet
protocol suite. An IP host has one or more
IP addresses for the network interfaces.

22. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
Which is logical and visible subdivision of
an IP network. Subdivision enables
addressing a set of networked computers
in the subnet using a common and
identical IP address.

23. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
Which is logical and visible subdivision of
an IP network. Subdivision enables
addressing a set of networked computers
in the subnet using a common and
identical IP address.

24. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
Thirty-two bits IP address can be divided into
the msbs consisting of 8, 16 or 24 bits and
remaining lsbs. The division results in the
logical division of an IP address into two
fields—a network address or routing prefix
field and a rest field or host identifier. The rest
field is an identifier for a specific host or
network interface.

25. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
Thirty-two bits IP address can be divided into
the msbs consisting of 8, 16 or 24 bits and
remaining lsbs. The division results in the
logical division of an IP address into two
fields—a network address or routing prefix
field and a rest field or host identifier. The rest
field is an identifier for a specific host or
network interface.

26. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
The rest field may also have two sub-
fields—one for subnet id and other for the
host identifier. When a network subdivides
into subnets and subnet has a number of
hosts.

27. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
A graphical representation using arrows from
one stage to another. A circle represents a
stage and arrow characterizes the direction of
flow of data.

28. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
DFG where only one set of inputs generate
only one set of outputs for the given input-
set in the DFG model.

29. Introduction
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph
(ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
An ADFG in which none of the output
cycles back to a previous processing stage
or level or rank as an input during data
flow.

30. Introduction
Header
IP header
TCP header
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
TCP stream
Maximum Transferable Unit
(MTU)
Packet
IP packet
Data segment
Network interface
Port
Socket
Host
IP host
Subnet
Routing Prefix
Host Identifier
Data Flow Graph (DFG)
Acyclic Data Flow Graph (ADFG)
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)

31. Internet Connectivity Principles
Internet connectivity
Introduction
Application Layer
Protocols