Introduction to Coronavirus .

1. COVID-19
(Corona Virus – 2019)
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2. Section Break
1. Introduction
2. Global Effect
3. Types
4. Symptoms
5. Diagnosis
6. Treatment
7. Precautions
8. Vaccine

3. INTRODUCTION
The COVID-19 undoubtedly poses the biggest public health challenge since
the Spanish flu in 1918 and 1919.
At the end of 2019, a series of pneumonia cases of unknown cause emerged
in Wuhan (Hubei, China). A few weeks later, in January 2020, deep
sequencing analysis from lower respiratory tract samples identified a novel
virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as
causative agent for that observed pneumonia cluster.
On February 11th, 2020, the World Health
Organization (WHO) Director-General, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus,
named the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 as "COVID-19", and by
March 11th, 2020 when the number of countries involved was 114, with more
than 118,000 cases and over 4000 deaths, the WHO declared the pandemic
status .

4. Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an RNA virus, with a typical
crown-like appearance under an electron microscope due to the presence
of glycoprotein spikes on its envelope
There are four genera of CoVs:
o α-coronavirus (alphaCov), probably present in bats,
o β-coronavirus (betaCoV) probably present in bats and rodents,
o δ-coronavirus (deltaCoV) derived from the avian and pig gene pools.
o γ-coronavirus (gammaCov) probably represent avian species.

5. HOW IT INFECT HUMANS ?
SARS-CoV-2 attaches to cells using its spike protein.
This protein binds to the ACE2 receptor, a molecule
that sits on the surface of human cells. After binding
to ACE2, the virus undergoes a structural change
that allows it to fuse with the cell. Once inside, the
virus is able to reproduce.

6. GLOBAL EFFECTS
Effect on mental health around the globe

7. GLOBAL EFFECTS
Effect on SMALL buisness and workers.

9. Severe acute
respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2), the virus that
causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-
19), has many variants;
some are believed or
have been believed to
be of particular
importance due to
their potential for
increased
transmissibility,
increased virulence,
and reduced
effectiveness of
vaccines against them.

10. Viruses generally acquire mutations over time, giving rise to new variants.
When a new variant appears to be growing in a population, it can be labeled
as an "emerging variant".
Some of the potential consequences of emerging variants are the following:
⃰ Increased transmissibility
⃰ Increased morbidity
⃰ Increased humanity
⃰ Ability to evade detection by diagnostic tests
⃰ Decreased susceptibility to antiviral drugs (if and when such drugs are
available)
⃰ Decreased susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies, either therapeutic
(e.g., convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies) or in laboratory
experiments
⃰ Ability to evade natural immunity (e.g., causing reinfections)
⃰ Ability to infect vaccinated individuals
⃰ Increased risk of particular conditions such as multisystem inflammatory
syndrome or long-haul COVID.
⃰ Increased affinity for particular demographic or clinical groups, such as
children or immunocompromised individuals.
TYPES OR VARIANTS

11. PANDEMIC
COVID-19
Variants that appear to meet one or more of these criteria may be
labeled "variants under investigation" or "variants of interest" pending
verification and validation of these properties.
The primary characteristic of a variant of interest is that it shows
evidence that demonstrates it is the cause of an increased proportion of
cases or unique outbreak clusters; however, it must also have limited
prevalence or expansion at national levels, or the classification would
be elevated to a "variant of concern".
If there is clear evidence that the effectiveness of prevention or
intervention measures for a particular variant is substantially reduced,
that variant is termed a "variant of high consequence".
Some that you may have heard of in the news are:
• B.1.1.7 (the variant first seen in the United Kingdom)
• B.1.351 (the variant first seen in South Africa)
• P.1 (the variant first seen in Brazil)
• In addition to these, there are also other variants that are
currently circulating. Since they’ve emerged so recently,
there’s a lot scientists still don’t know about coronavirus
variants

12. HOW AND WHY MUTATION HAPPEN?
It’s completely normal for viruses to mutate. This happens naturally when viruses infect and begin to multiply within
a host cell.
All viruses contain genetic material in the form of RNA or DNA. Mutations within this genetic material occur at
different rates, depending on the type of virus.
Mutation rates are typically higher in RNA viruses than they are in DNA viruses.
Two RNA viruses with high mutation rates that you may have heard of are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
and influenza (flu).
SARS-CoV-2 is also an RNA virus, but it generally mutates more slowlyTrusted Source than other RNA viruses.
When a virus infects ahost cell, its genetic material must be copied so that it can be put into new viruses. These
new viruses are eventually released from the host cell and can go on to infect new cells.
Viruses use an enzyme called a polymerase to copy their genetic material.
However, polymerases aren’t perfect, and they can make mistakes. These mistakes can result in a mutation. Many
times, a mutation either does nothing or is harmful to a virus. But in some cases, it may help the virus.
When mutations are harmful, they can affect a virus’ ability to infect or multiply within a host cell. Because they
don’t function well, new viruses that contain a harmful mutation often don’t survive.
However, sometimes a mutation gives a newly produced virus an advantage. Perhaps it allows the virus to bind
more tightly to a host cell or helps it escape the immune system.
When this happens, these mutant, or variant, viruses can become more common within a population. This is what
we’re currently seeing with the new variant strains of SARS-CoV-2.

13. The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly when an infected person is in
close contact[a] with another person.Small droplets and aerosols containing the
virus can spread from an infected person's nose and mouth as they breathe, cough,
sneeze, sing, or speak.
Other people are infected if the virus gets into their mouth, nose or eyes. The virus
may also spread via contaminated surfaces, although this is not thought to be the
main route of transmission. The exact route of transmission is rarely proven
conclusively, but infection mainly happens when people are near each other for
long enough.
People who are infected can transmit the virus to another person up to two days
before they themselves show symptoms, as can people who do not experience
symptoms People remain infectious for up to ten days after the onset of symptoms
in moderate cases and up to 20 days in severe cases.
Severe acute
respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2), the virus that
causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-
19), has many variants;
some are believed or
have been believed to
be of particular
importance due to
their potential for
increased
transmissibility,
increased virulence,
and reduced
effectiveness of
vaccines against them.
TRANSMISSION

14. SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19
PANDEMIC (COVID-19)
Cough
Fever
Shortness
Of Breath
Sore Throat
Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, but often include fever,
cough, fatigue, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and
taste. Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after
exposure to the virus. At least a third of people who are
infected do not develop noticeable symptoms.
Complications –
Pneumonia, viral sepsis, acute respiratory
distress syndrome, kidney failure, cytokine
release syndrome, respiratory failure, pulmonary
fibrosis, pediatric multisystem inflammatory
syndrome, chronic COVID syndrome

15. DIAGNOSIS

16. DIAGNOSIS by

17. IMPORTANT ALERT
Social
Distancing
2m

18. TREATMENT
Main Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pharmacological experimental options
• Glucocorticoids
• Remdesivir
• Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine*
• Tocilizumab
• Lopinavir-ritonavir
• Baraticinib
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Angiotensin converting enzyme 2
(mainly in combination with azithromycin)

19. TREATMENT How To Prevent An Outbreak
There is no specific antiviral treatment recommended for COVID-19, vaccine
is currently available and under trial or running phase .The treatment
intervention is symptomatic, and oxygen therapy represents the major
treatment for patients with severe infection. Mechanical ventilation may be
necessary in cases of respiratory failure refractory to oxygen therapy
Outpatients with COVID-19 should stay at home and try to separate themselves from other people in
the household. They should wear a face mask when in the same room (or vehicle) as other people
and when presenting to health care settings. Disinfection of frequently touched surfaces is also
important. The optimal duration of home isolation is uncertain, but in consideration of incubation time
around 14 days without symptoms (fever, dysponoea, others) are considered sufficient to end home
isolation.
WEAR MASK , STAY SAFE !

20. Precautions
1
2
COVID-19

21. Wear masks , Sanitize your hands !
Improve your Immunity

22. VACCINE
Several COVID-19 vaccines have demonstrated efficacy as high as
95% in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 infections.
As of April 2021, 13 vaccines were authorized by at least one national
regulatory authority for public use:
• Two RNA vaccines (the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine and the Moderna
vaccine),
• Five conventional inactivated vaccines (BBIBP-CorV, CoronaVac,
Covaxin, WIBP-CorV and CoviVac),
• Four viral vector vaccines (Sputnik V, the Oxford–AstraZeneca
vaccine, Convidecia, and the Johnson & Johnson vaccine),
• And Two protein subunit vaccines (EpiVacCorona and RBD-Dimer).
In total, as of March 2021, 308 vaccine candidates were in various
stages of development, with 73 in clinical research, including 24 in
Phase I trials, 33 in Phase I–II trials, and 16 in Phase III development.

23. COVID-19
VACCINATION

24. Please Use Hand Sanitizer
SANITIZATION

25. STAY SAFE

27. WEAR MASKS,
SANITIZE HANDS,
SOCIAL DISTANCING
ALL NEED TO BE
FOLLOW….

28. THANK YOU