3. Agenda
Presented by
What is Viral diseases , Difference between viral and bacterial infections ,How it
is treated
How Viruses are more complicated than Bacteria
Type of Viruses- DNA viruses and RNA viruses and its types
Understanding the genetic material
Is my cold bacterial or viral? How are viral diseases Treated, Which infections are
treated with antibiotics?
Types of Corona Viruses and its life cycle
Similarity among the emerged viruses
4. Agenda
Computational intelligence to understand the structure and function of new
viruses- How It works
Databases and tools to identify new viruses and its function and structure
Phylogenetic evolutionary analysis
Sequence similarity
Structure similarity
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Vaccines
5. Viral Diseases
What are viral diseases?
Viral diseases are extremely widespread infections caused by viruses, a type of
microorganism. There are many types of viruses that cause a wide variety of viral
diseases. The most common type of viral disease is the common cold caused by
Rhinovirus
6. Why virus are so complicated
What’s the difference between viral and bacterial diseases ?
Bacteria and viruses can cause many common infections. But what are the differences
between these two kinds of infectious organisms?
Bacteria can live in almost every conceivable environment, including in or on the
human body.
strep throat
urinary tract infection (UTI)
bacterial food poisoning
Tuberculosis
Viruses are parasitic- Live in host Cell.
Viruses can invade into the cells of our body, using the components of our cells to grow and
multiply,cannot replicate outside of a host cell.
common cold--viral gastroenteritis
Chickenpox, influenza
Measles, COVID 19
7. Which infections are treated with antibiotics?
Presented by
Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections.
There are many types of antibiotics, but they all work to keep bacteria
from effectively growing and dividing. They’re not effective against viral
infections.
Despite the fact that you should only take antibiotics for a bacterial
infection, antibiotics are often requested for viral infections. This is
dangerous because over-prescribing antibiotics can lead to antibiotic
resistance.
If you’re prescribed antibiotics for a bacterial infection, take your
entire course of antibiotics — even if you begin to feel better after a
couple of days. Skipping doses can prevent killing all of the
pathogenic bacteria.
8. Is my cold bacterial or viral?
Presented by
A cold can cause a stuffy or runny nose, sore throat, and low fever, but is a cold bacterial or
viral?
The common cold is caused by a number of different viruses, although rhinoviruses are most
often the culprit.
There’s not much you can do to treat a cold except wait it out and use over-the-counter
(OTC) medications to help relieve your symptoms.
In some cases, a secondary bacterial infection may develop during or following a cold. That
can be treated with ANTIBIOTICS
• sinus infections
• Sour Throat
• ear infections
• pneumonia
9. Prescription medications used to treat viral diseases
Presented by
Viral diseases are not treatable with antibiotics, which can only cure bacterial diseases and
infections
Common symptoms of viral diseases include flu-like symptoms
In some cases, certain medications may be prescribed to treat viral diseases:
Antiviral drugs, which minimize the severity and length of some viral infections,
such as the flu and shingles, especially in people who are at a high risk for serious
complications.
10. How are viral infections treated?
Presented by
There’s no specific treatment for many viral infections. Treatment is typically focused on
relieving symptoms, while your body works to clear the infection. This can include things like:
• Drinking fluids to prevent dehydration
• Getting plenty of rest
• Using OTC pain medications, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) to
relieve aches, pains, and fever.
Antiviral medications
In some cases, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication to help treat your condition.
Remdesivir injection is used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 infection) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in
hospitalized
11. Understanding the Genetic material
Presented by
DNA is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms
•A virus consists of genetic information — either DNA or RNA —
coated by a protein.
.
•The nucleic acid may be single or double stranded, circular or
linear,.
DNA viruses
•As their name implies, DNA viruses use DNA as their genetic
material.
RNA viruses
•The virus that possesses RNA as genetic material are called RNA
viruses.- SARS COV s are single stranded RNA viruses- its not
stable
Each strand is made up of a sequence of four nucleotides, A, C,
G, and T
12. Types of Corona virus
Presented by
The most closely related bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV diverged in 1986. The ancestors
of SARS-CoV first infected leaf-nose bats .
Three human coronaviruses produce potentially severe symptoms:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), β-CoV (identified in 2003)
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), β-CoV (identified in
2012)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), β-CoV (identified in
2019)
These cause the diseases commonly called SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 respectively.
The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of Betacoronavirus from group 2B
with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV. The virus has a 96%
similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as well.
13. Life cycle
Presented by
S proteins cover the surface of SARS-CoV-2
and bind to the host cell receptor
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2),
mediating viral cell entry.
The life cycle of a coronavirus
Infection begins when the viral spike
protein attaches to its complementary host
cell receptor. After attachment, a protease
of the host cell cleaves and activates the
receptor-attached spike protein.
ACE2 is hijacked by some coronaviruses, a
peptide hormone that controls
vasoconstriction and blood pressure. ACE2 is
a type I membrane protein expressed in
lungs, heart, kidneys, and intestine
15. Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by
full-length human ACE2
Science 27 Mar 2020:
Vol. 367, Issue 6485, pp. 1444-1448
DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2762
How SARS-CoV-2 binds to human cells
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the
cellular receptor for severe acute respiratory
syndrome–coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the new
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that is causing the
serious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
epidemic.
.
16. What is GenBank?
GenBank ® is the NIH genetic sequence database, an annotated collection of all publicly available
DNA sequences (Nucleic Acids Research, 2013 Jan;41(D1):D36-42).
20. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment of 22 coronaviruses from
different hosts. (A) Homology tree of 22 nucleotide sequences
alignment.
Phylogenetic network analysis -Evolutionary development of a
species
23. Structure Similarity- Applying computational methods
Hope, An computational intelligence could speed the development of vaccines to
treat new COVID-19 mutations
24. Do the vaccines protect against variants?
More studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of the current COVID vaccines against the
variants.
A growing body of data suggests that most vaccines stimulate enough immunity to retain
substantial efficacy against most variants, especially for severe disease, hospitalization, and
death(WHO)
COVID-19 vaccines are not interchangeable. If you received a Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna
COVID-19 vaccine, you should get the same product for your second shot.
How we can prevent the development of new VARIANTS
we need to do everything possible to stop the spread of the virus in order to prevent mutations
that may reduce the performance of existing vaccines.
This means staying at least 1 metre away from others, covering a cough or sneezing in your
elbow, frequently cleaning your hands, wearing a mask and avoiding crowded, poorly ventilated
rooms or opening a window.
