Speaking green communications water and energy forever interwined 1-14-2016 final
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There is a close connection, or nexus, between energy and water. It takes a significant amount of water to create energy. Energy is also used in great quantities during the supply and treatment of waste water. For the year 2011 in the United States electricity from fossil fuels and nuclear energy required 190 billion gallons of water a day accounting for 39% of all the freshwater withdrawals while 4% off all power generation was used for water supply and treatment. Water and energy problems are connected to each other in such a way that, in spite of some partial and short-term success, partial responses are bound to fail in the long-term. Water and energy policy, planning and management must be integrated to encourage conservation, motivate innovation and ensure sustainable use of water and energy. Hear about how interconnection of water and energy and how these two resources will be intertwined forever.
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Speaking green communications water and energy forever interwined 1-14-2016 final
- 1. Water and Energy – Forever Intertwined ECO Green Group Thursday January 14, 2016 by Tony Green Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 2. Alternative Energy Environment Advanced Materials Water Conservation “I believe if people in general had a better understanding of how alternative/clean technologies worked there would much less comprehension and fear toward adopting these technologies.” A voice for sustainability Speaking Green Communications Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 3. Agenda 1. What is a Nexus? 2. Nexus Overview 3. Numbers within the Nexus 4. Energy in Water 5. Water in Energy 6. Water, Energy and ….. 7. The Golden State Nexus 8. In Closing 9. Questions and Answers Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 4. The term Water-Energy nexus refers to the fact that water and energy are inseparable/connected. This is because: Water is required to produce energy. Energy is required to make use of water. Water /Energy Separable? Source: Meeting the Needs of the Water Energy Nexus CEP April 2011 Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 5. Water Nexus Overview http://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/overviewofthewaterenergynexusintheus.aspx Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 6. Source: https://www.slideshare.net/ElectrochemicalSociety/the-waterenergy-nexus-opportunities-and-challenges?from_m_app=ios Water Nexus Overview Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 7. Water Energy Flows http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/06/f16/Water%20Energy%20Nexus%20Report%20June%202014.pdf Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 8. Numbers inside the Nexus Source: Meeting the Needs of the Water Energy Nexus CEP April 2011 In the US 4% of all of the power generation is used for water supply and treatment 75% of the cost of municipal water processing and distribution for electricity Electricity from fossil fuels and nuclear energy requires 190 billion gallons of water per day accounting for 39% all freshwater withdrawals in the nation. Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 9. Water Energy Nexus at Home These use the same amount of energy - Environmental Protection Agency Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 10. Energy in Water Waste Water Treatment Desalination Dams Bio-Gas Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 11. Energy in Water Facts Carbon emissions related to water in 2005 were approximately 290 million metric tons, or 5% of all carbon emissions in the United States U.S. water related energy use is at least 521 million MWh a year—equivalent to 13% of the nation’s electricity consumption.” Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 12. . http://www.ragsdaleandassociates.com/WastewaterSystemOperatorsManual/Chapter%201%20-%20IntroToWWT.pdf The term wastewater is commonly used to describe liquid wastes that are collected and transported to a treatment facility through a system of sewers. Domestic Industrial Waste Water Treatment Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 13. Screens Grit Settling Scum Flotation Primary Settling http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/ckhachi/CE384/FOLDER%20%20Course%20Materials/CE%20384%20%20Lecture%206%20%20Water%20&%20Wastew ater%20Treatment.ppt Waste Water Treatment Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 14. http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/ckhachi/CE384/FOLDER%20-%20Course%20Materials/CE%20384%20-%20Lecture%206%20-%20Water%20&%20Wastewater%20Treatment.ppt Trickling Filter – rotating disk Activated Sludge – Suspended and mixed Oxidation ponds – lagoons (promote contact between microbes and contaminants) Waste Water Treatment Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 15. http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/ckhachi/CE384/FOLDER%20-%20Course%20Materials/CE%20384%20-%20Lecture%206%20-%20Water%20&%20Wastewater%20Treatment.ppt Chlorine UV Ozone Sand Filtration http://www.ecologixsystems.com/pro cess-tertiary-treatment.php http://www.thewatertreatmentplants.co m/tertiary-treatment.html http://www.rwlwater.com/tertiary- wastewater-treatment-systems/ Waste Water Treatment Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 16. http://www.ragsdaleandassociates.com/WastewaterSystemOperatorsManual/Chapter%201%20-%20IntroToWWT.pdf .Waste Water Treatment Sludge Class A Bio-Solids Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 17. Source: https://www.slideshare.net/AEPOhio/overview-of-water-cycles-wastewater-treatment-processes-wastewater-plant-energy-use-and-energy-efficiency-opportunities?from_m_app=ios Waste Water Treatment Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 18. Source: https://www.slideshare.net/AEPOhio/overview-of-water-cycles-wastewater-treatment-processes-wastewater-plant-energy-use-and-energy-efficiency-opportunities?from_m_app=ios Waste Water Treatment Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 19. Source: https://www.slideshare.net/AEPOhio/overview-of-water-cycles-wastewater-treatment-processes-wastewater-plant-energy-use-and-energy-efficiency-opportunities?from_m_app=ios Waste Water Treatment Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 20. Desalination 97.5% of the earths water is seawater and the remaining 2.5% is freshwater found in glaciers and underground Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 21. Desalination Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 22. Desalination Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 23. Colocation is recognized as a versatile, effective solution. partners desalination plants with power plants, which then share energy and water. Approximately 18% of desalinated water is already used by power plants, . http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2012/finalwebsite/solution/desal.shtml Energy is the largest determinant of cost. Specifically, 44% of the typical water costs in a reverse osmosis plant comes from electrical energy and Thermal seawater plants use even more energy, with close to 60% of costs coming from thermal and electrical energy When considering an energy solution for desalination, renewable energy is key. Desalination Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 24. Dams - Hydropower Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
- 25. Combined Heat and Power Systems Using Biogas in Wastewater Treatment Plants http://www.sehinc.com/files/resources/2012/pdfs/ndconferencechppresentation10162012.pdf Biogas is a by-product of the anaerobic decomposition of organic solid waste 300 scfm of biogas = ~ 800 kW electricity Biogas–~ 65% methane (CH4)–~ 35% carbon dioxide (CO2) . Bio-Gas
- 26. Bio-Gas
- 27. Water in Energy Thermo-cooling Fracking Biofuel
- 28. Water in Energy Facts In the United States, 90 percent of electricity comes from thermoelectric power plants—coal, nuclear, natural gas, and oil—that require cooling. The remaining ten percent is produced by hydroelectric and other renewable energy facilities. Some renewable energy technologies are thermoelectric as well. Source: https://www.slideshare.net/nakulrtm/how-it-works-water-for-power-plant-cooling-union-of-concerned-scientists?from_m_app=ios
- 30. Cooling Systems Water is used to turn turbines for hydropower, to produce steam for thermoelectric power, and to cool equipment by absorbing the waste heat produced by power generation Each kilowatthour (kWh) of thermoelectric generation requires the withdrawal of approximately 25 gallons of water, primarily for cooling purposes. However, while thermoelectric facilities withdraw tremendous amounts of water, they actually consume far less. That consumption is caused by evaporation. On average, 2 gallons of water are lost to evaporation for each kWh consumed at the point of end use, http://www3.epa.gov/region9/waterinfrastructure/waterenergy.html
- 31. Consumptive use or not The majority of water withdrawn for energy production is termed “non-consumptive use” because it is returned to the same source it was removed from. Also referred to as once through . Some water withdrawn for energy production is termed “consumptive use” because it is lost through evaporation and is not returned to the source from which it is extracted. Closed Loop
- 32. Thermo-Cooling
- 33. Source: David Goodstein’s “Out of Gas” Book For hundreds of millions of years, animal, vegetable and mineral matter drifted downward through the waters to settle on the floors of ancient seas The interior of the earth is hot, heated by the decay of natural radioactive elements. If the porous source rock sank just deep enough, it reached the proper temperature for the organic matter to be transformed into oil strata of porous rock formed that were particularly rich in organic inclusions. With time, these strata were buried deep beneath the seabed Then the weight of the rock could squeeze the oil out of the source rock like water out of a sponge, into layers above and below, where it could be trapped Fracking
- 34. Shale gas is natural gas produced from shale formations that typically function as both the reservoir and source for the natural gas. In terms of its chemical makeup, shale gas is typically a dry gas primarily composed of methane (90% or more methane) http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/03/f0/ShaleGasPrimer_Online_4-2009.pdf Shale is a sedimentary rock that is predominantly comprised of consolidated clay‐sized particles Fracking
- 35. https://www.slideshare.net/sensafe/fracking-21692005?from_m_app=ios Fracking is short for “hydraulic fracturing,” the process of extracting oil and natural gas from shale rock formations deep underground. Fracking blasts a mixture of water, sand and chemicals at underground shale to release the gas or oil captured in the rock. Fracking
- 37. The recent shale gas transformation of the U.S. natural gas industry has also focused attention on the water-energy nexus. The water consumption for the production of shale gas appears to be lower (0.6 to 1.8 gal/MMBtu) than that for other fossil fuels (1 to 8 gal/MMBtu for coal mining and washing, and 1 to 62 gal/MMBtu for U.S. onshore oil production). .Water Consumption of Energy Resource Extraction, Processing, and Conversion By Erik Mielke, Laura Diaz Anadon, and Venkatesh Narayanamurti Page 6 Fracking
- 40. The current generation of corn-based ethanol is particularly water intensive, consuming, water consumption one or two orders of magnitude greater than that of alternative sources of liquid fuels. A mandated move to advanced biofuels (cellulosic ethanol) could bring biofuels water usage closer to other fuels, but these technologies are unproven on a commercial scale. Source: Water Consumption of Energy Resource Extraction, Processing, and Conversion By Erik Mielke, Laura Diaz Anadon, and Venkatesh Narayanamurti Page 6 Biofuels are by far the most water-intensive source of fuel in the United States Bio-fuels
- 42. One inch of water per acre is about 27,000 gallons per acre, so a corn crop uses about 22 x 27,000 = 594,000 gallons of water A high-yielding corn crop requires about 22 inches of water, with a range of 20 to 25 inches. An Acre is 22 yards by 220 yards or 43,560 square feet http://articles.extension.org/pages/14080/corn-water-requirements Bio-fuels
- 43. No Water Needed for Energy Source : The Intersection of Water, Energy and Climate by Adnan Amin
- 44. Water in Transportation Source: http://www.slideshare.net/TXTAGD/energy-and-water-dr-carey-king-university-of-texas?from_m_app=ios
- 45. Source: RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE WATER, ENERGY & FOOD NEXUS What does this reference? Water Energy and…..
- 46. In the EU for example, energy production accounts for 44 percent of total water use. By 2050, the global population will demand roughly 80 percent more energy and 55 percent more water than today. The food sector currently accounts for around 30% of the world's total energy consumption. Source: The Intersection of Water, Energy and Climate by Adnan Amin Water, Energy and….
- 47. Source: RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE WATER, ENERGY & FOOD NEXUS Water, Energy and….
- 48. California State Water Project Water starts to be delivered 770 feet above the plant, to the top of Oroville Dam, the nation’s tallest. Behind it, the Lake Oroville Reservoir can store up to 3.5 million acre feet of water. , From Oroville, water flows down the Feather River to the Sacramento River and into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Harvey O Banks pumping plant near Tracy. the initial facility for export of water from the Delta http://www.capradio.org/articles/2013/10/07/californias-water-supply,-a-700-mile-journey/ Golden State Nexus
- 49. 600 rpms, 80,000 horsepower, running on 14,400 volts 14 pumps push the water 2,000 feet up the mountain, the highest water lift in the world. Consumes about 60 megawatts. .” The Aqueduct hits the Tehachapi Mountains just 20 miles away. Then takes the water to the Edminston Pumping Plant. http://www.capradio.org/articles/2013/10/07/californias-water-supply,-a-700-mile-journey/ The California Aqueduct begins at the Banks Plant. The Aqueduct carries water more than 400 miles, all the way to Los Angeles Golden State Nexus
- 50. STATE WATER PROJECT: Connecting California’s Water - Water Education Foundation The State Water Project is the state’s fourth largest generator of electricity The state’s single largest user of power, with the pumps lifting the water over the mountains to reach Southern California, accounting for 40% of the State Water Project’s total power consumption. Golden State Nexus
- 51. STATE WATER PROJECT: Connecting California’s Water Water Education Fundation Golden State Nexus
- 52. In closing We decarbonize the energy production. We need to manage the demand side. Global energy production should take into account its impacts on other resources such as water, food. Source: Water Energy Nexus’ for Energy Supply in the 21st Century by John C. Crittenden and Arka Pandit
- 53. Why Book Tony? Tony’s background in clean- tech which includes experience in water, energy, chemicals and the environment and his communication skills refined from this time in sales/marketing will ensure attendees will walk away with timely information and insights presented in an easy to absorb manner. Copyright @ Speaking Green Communications 2016
Editor's Notes
- Good Morning. For those of you who do not know me my name is Tony Green and I would like share with you how Water and Energy are forever intertwined.
- Here is a brief overview of what I would like to discuss: What is the Nexus Nexus at a High Level Number within the Nexus Water in Energy with Examples then Energy in Water with Examples The Nexus in California As the examples will show the water energy connection are present in more things associated with our daily lives then you might think Any questions on what you would like to get out on today’s talk?
- Before we get started what is Water Energy Nexus? Where have you heard the term? A Nexus refers to a connection The term Water-Energy nexus refers to the fact that water and energy are inseparable. This is because: Water is required to produce energy. Water is employed in the production of most forms of turbine generated electricity, either directly (hydropower, geothermal) or indirectly (washing, cooling). Energy is required to make use of water. Energy is needed to extract move, treat, deliver -use. and dispose of water This energy is primarily in the term of mechanical or electrical energy
- This image here shows examples of the connection and inseparably some of which we will touch on in more detail. In included in the drawing are: 1. Cooling Towers in Power Plants 2. Waste Water Treatment Plants 3. Dams 4. Mining 5. Pumping our Water The Red Flows are energy and the Blue Flows are water
- Here is a Overview of the Water Energy Nexus based on what is required to produce water and energy Add anything to add ?
- Yes this is ugly. But it really shows the level on connection at a high level. This is for as of 2011 The Left side shows the Source of Water or Energy while the Right Side shows the End Use I’d like to point your attention to: Electricity Generation/ Thermo-Electric Cooling = Nexus ; Water for electricity (196) Quads and electricity for water (39) Notice the Heavy portion water for the cooling is more than water for generation. These for conventional based – Renewables would reduce this? Solar and Wind power are pretty much zero in regards to water usage 2. Look at Agriculture Water Energy – Food-Agriculture which is the next Nexus Note: Quad= Unit of Energy 10^15 BTU Note: Energy Services are
- In the US 4% of all of the power generation is used for water supply and treatment 75% of the cost of municipal water processing and distribution for electricity while electricity from fossil fuels and nuclear energy requires 190 billion gallons of water per day accounting for 39% all freshwater withdrawals in the nation.
- The previous slide was in the entire U.S. – taking a look closer to home.. This slide is designed to give you a feel for the transferable for power to provide water and power to provide energy.
- First I wanted to talk about Energy in Water Examples include Waste Water Treatment Plants, Desalination and Dams
- Before that here are some facts U.S. water related energy use is at least 521 million MWh a year—equivalent to 13% of the nation’s electricity consumption.” Carbon emissions related to water in 2005 were approximately 290 million metric tons, or 5% of all carbon emissions in the United States
- INTRODUCTION TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT - The term wastewater is commonly used to describe liquid wastes that are collected and transported to a treatment facility through a system of sewers. Wastewater is generally divided into two broad classifications: domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater. Domestic wastewater comes from communities of homes, businesses, and institutions. Domestic wastewater is 99.9% water and only 0.1% solids. Milligrams per liter (mg/L) is the metric equivalent of parts per million (one part in a million parts). One percent (1%) is equal to 10,000 mg/L. So a 0.1% solids concentration is equal to 1000 mg/L. The solids in domestic wastewater are both dissolved and suspended solids. Suspended solids can be settled out or filtered but dissolved solids will have to be converted to suspended solids during the treatment process
- The first step in wastewater treatment is physical separation of solids from the flow by screening, grinding rags and other debris, and settling out heavy inert grit. This is known as pretreatment or preliminary treatment. Primary treatment follows pretreatment. Primary treatment is also a physical removal process. Gravity settling in primary clarifiers removes some of the suspended organic material and over half of the total suspended solids or TSS. Most of the remaining BOD is either dissolved or consists of particles that are too small to settle easily. Primary Contaminants (60% of solids and 35% of BOD removed) Oil & Grease Total Suspended Solids (Css or TSS) – 60% Removed Pathogens BOD – 35% removed Processes Screens Grit Settling Scum Flotation Primary Settling
- Secondary treatment processes are biological processes that make use of bacteria and other microorganisms to eat the organic material that was not removed in primary clarification. This process will stabilize the raw organic material that poses a threat to the receiving water. The organics are stabilized and converted into microorganisms (suspended solids) that can be removed from the process or gases like carbon dioxide Secondary Contaminants BOD – 90% Removed TSS – 90% Removed Processes Trickling Filter – rotating disk Activated Sludge – Suspended and mixed Oxidation ponds – lagoons (promote contact between microbes and contaminants)
- Tertiary treatment processes follow secondary treatment. They cover a wide range of treatment options. Polishing ponds for bacteria and BOD removal have been added to secondary trickling filter plants to improve the overall plant removal efficiency. Tertiary filter processes can be used to remove suspended solids. Nutrient removal processes are also considered to be tertiary treatment processes. Tertiary treatment is simply additional treatment beyond secondary! Tertiary treatment can remove more than 99 percent of all the impurities from sewage, producing an effluent of almost drinking-water quality. The goal of tertiary treatment is to remove unwanted elements such as SS, COD (solid and colloidal), phosphorus and specific compounds (pesticides, metals, detergents, and so on) Tertiary Contaminants Nutrients Dissolved solids (e.g., salt, other ions, etc.) Processes Denitrification – bacteria Phosphorus removal – precipitation Other chemicals – adsorption and precipitation
- The settled sludge is removed to from the clarifier and sent to solids handling facilities for further processing. The sludge may be digested to stabilize it and reduce its volume. After the sludge is properly digested, it is de-watered by mechanical means or sludge drying beds and then composed or landfilled. Some large systems thicken and de-water raw sludge and burn it in furnaces. Although incineration is very expensive from an energy consumption standpoint, it provides the greatest reduction in solids volume for disposal.
- Here is a View on all three stages
- Here is another showing all the steps Where Energy? Aeration
- Winds to 60% of the energy. Used to keep bugs healthy
- The process of removing dissolved salts and other minerals from seawater to obtain water suitable for human and animal consumption, irrigation and other industrial uses 97.5% of the earths water is seawater and the remaining 2.5% is freshwater found in glaciers and underground By the time you take into account what is a this number drops to below 1% • Two desalination methods: by thermal process (multi stage flash) or by membrane (reverse osmosis)
- The Reverse Osmosis Process. Osomsis – high concentration to low Reverse – using pressure to purify instead of dilute Water pushed through membrane
- In desalination salt water is boiled so that the vapor is released as the pure water will have a boiling point and later condensed into drinkable water. Latent Heat of Vaporization
- Colocation is recognized as a versatile, effective solution by the American Academy of Environmental Engineers. This method partners desalination plants with power plants, which then share energy and water. Approximately 18% of desalinated water is already used by power plants, and we hope to increase this ratio CARLSBAD There is, however, one common denominator amongst all desalination facilities; energy is the largest determinant of cost. Specifically, 44% of the typical water costs in a reverse osmosis plant comes from electrical energy and Thermal seawater plants use even more energy, with close to 60% of costs coming from thermal and electrical energy
- Dams are the sources of Hydro power. These do not consume energy to produce water but use water to produce energy. Note the water is not consumed to produce the energy.
- Biogas is a by-product of the anaerobic decomposition of organic solid waste 300 scfm of biogas = ~ 800 kW electricity Biogas–~ 65% methane (CH4)–~ 35% carbon dioxide (CO2) and has 60% the Energy Value of Natural Gas By using the energy from biogas, a WWTP can save $1,000’s of dollars per year in heating costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Excess Bio-Gas is typically flared or burned off. This is wasteful.
- Now that we have covered the energy in water I will discuss water in energy. The three examples are Thermo-cooling Fracking and Bio-fuel. Any Others?
- In the United States, 90 percent of electricity comes from thermoelectric power plants—coal, nuclear, natural gas, and oil—that require cooling. The remaining ten percent is produced by hydroelectric and other renewable energy facilities. Some renewable energy technologies are thermoelectric as well, including certain types of concentrating solar, geothermal, and biomass power plants
- Thermoelectric power plants boil water to create steam, which then spins turbines to generate electricity. The heat used to boil water can come from burning of a fuel, from nuclear reactions, or directly from the sun or geothermal heat sources underground. Once steam has passed through a turbine, it must be cooled back into water before it can be reused to produce more electricity. Colder water cools the steam more effectively and allows more efficient electricity generation
- Water is used to turn turbines for hydropower, to produce steam for thermoelectric power, and to cool equipment by absorbing the waste heat produced by power generation with oncethrough or closedloop cooling systems. Closedloop systems reuse water rather than returning it to the source. Each kilowatthour (kWh) of thermoelectric generation requires the withdrawal of approximately 25 gallons of water, primarily for cooling purposes. However, while thermoelectric facilities withdraw tremendous amounts of water, they actually consume far less. That consumption is caused by evaporation. On average, 2 gallons of water are lost to evaporation for each kWh consumed at the point of end use
- A lot of water is withdrawn and used for cooling in the production of energy. The majority of water withdrawn for energy production is termed “non consumptive use” because it is returned to the same source it was removed from. However, it doesn’t necessarily return unchanged. Impacts from the cooling process include pollution and an increase in the water temperature. Some water withdrawn for energy production is termed “consumptive use” because it is lost through evaporation and is not returned to the source from which it is extracted
- Increased reliance on nuclear power, which has the highest water consumption of the thermoelectric technologies. Note difference between Water Consumption and Withdraw
- Before Fracking I wanted to talks about Oil which will tie into Fracking For hundreds of millions of years, animal, vegetable and mineral matter drifted downward through the waters to settle on the floors of ancient seas. strata of porous rock formed that were particularly rich in organic inclusions. With time, these strata were buried deep beneath the seabed The interior of the earth is hot, heated by the decay of natural radioactive elements. If the porous source rock sank just deep enough, it reached the proper temperature for the organic matter to be transformed into oil Then the weight of the rock could squeeze the oil out of the source rock like water out of a sponge, into layers above and below, where it could be trapped
- Shale gas is natural gas produced from shale formations that typically function as both the reservoir and source for the natural gas. In terms of its chemical makeup, shale gas is typically a dry gas primarily composed of methane (90% or more methane), Shales are deposited as mud in low‐energy depositional environments such as tidal flats and deep water basins where the fine‐grained clay particles fall out of suspension in these quiet waters. During the deposition of these very fine‐grained sediments, there can also be deposition of organic matter in the form of algae‐, plant‐, and animal‐derived organic debris. The naturally tabular clay grains tend to lie flat as the sediments accumulate andsubsequently become compacted as a result of additional sediment deposition. This results in mud with thin laminar bedding that lithifies (solidifies) into thinly layered shale rock. The very fine sheet‐like clay mineral grains and laminated layers of sediment result in a rock that has limited horizontal permeability and extremely limited vertical permeability.
- Fracking is short for “hydraulic fracturing,” the process of extracting oil and natural gas from shale rock formations deep underground
- This is an illustration of Fracking Process
- The recent shale gas transformation of the U.S. natural gas industry has also focused attention on the water-energy nexus, although the water consumption for the production of shale gas appears to be lower (0.6 to 1.8 gal/MMBtu) than that for other fossil fuels (1 to 8 gal/MMBtu for coal mining and washing, and 1 to 62 gal/MMBtu for U.S. onshore oil production). The increased role of shale gas in the U.S. energy sector could result in reduced water consumption The water used for releasing the gas (hydraulic fracturing), however, has to be carefully managed at a local level Since the amount is lower Why did I mention this? Issues with Water? How Much Fracking fluid is water?
- Yes the Fracking Fluid. 99.5 % Water What of the rest? Based on what need to happen included varoius chemicals.
- Dissolving rocks, preventing corrosion, remove oxygen, allows fracture to stay open, minimize friction, eliminate bacteria. Which brings us to the most water intensive of all……
- Biofuels are by far the most water-intensive source of fuel in the United States because of the extensive use of irrigation for corn production The current generation of corn-based ethanol is particularly water intensive, consuming in excess of 1,000 gal/MMBtu on average, a water consumption one or two orders of magnitude greater than that of alternative sources of liquid fuels.
- Here is a overview the process to make ethanol with include liquefaction of corn, Fermentation, Distilliation, drying Why so much Water ? The irrigation required to grow the corn.
- A high-yielding corn crop requires about 22 inches of water, with a range of 20 to 25 inches One inch of water per acre is about 27,000 gallons per acre, so a corn crop uses about 22 x 27,000 = 594,000 gallons of water An Acre is 22 yards by 220 yards 43,560 square feet
- During power generation, solar power withdraws 200 times less water than a coal power plant to produce the same amount of electricity. Wind power requires no water. As we needed more reasons to implement renewable energy……..
- As an aside energy is require for transportation – which fuels consume the most water - Biofuel and Biodiesel at the top
- Of course few things operation in isolation and the Water Energy Nexus is one of them. What else might be connected? What does this image reference?
- In the EU for example, energy production accounts for 44 percent of total water use. By 2050, the global population will demand roughly 80 percent more energy and 55 percent more water than today. The food sector currently accounts for around 30% of the world's total energy consumption.
- Water Energy Food all will increase as population increases.
- The State Water Project is the nation’s largest state-built water delivery system. Water starts to be delivered 770 feet above the Oroville Dam Behind it, the Lake Oroville Reservoir can store up to 3.5 million acre feet of water. From Oroville, water flows down the Feather River to the Sacramento River and into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Harvey O Banks pumping plant near Tracy is the initial facility for export of water from the Delta
- The California Aqueduct begins at the Banks Plant. The Aqueduct carries water more than 400 miles, all the way to Los Angeles It goes fast, almost 7,000 cubic feet per second. A cubic foot is about the size of a basketball. what’s pumping the water through: 600 rpms, 80,000 horsepower, running on 14,400 volts14 pumps push the water 2,000 feet up the mountain, the highest water lift in the world. Choyce says it consumes about 60 megawatts, enough electricity for a small city.
- The State Water Project is the state’s fourth largest generator of electricity. The state’s single largest user of power, with the pumps lifting the water over the mountains to reach Southern California, accounting for 40% of the State Water Project’s total power consumption
- This is in our back woods. The South Bay Aquaduct included Bank Pumping in Tracy, the South Bay Pumping plant and the Del Valle Lake in Livermore. Delivers water to Alamada and Santa Clara Counties. From the Sierra’s
- • First is the need to decarbonize the energy production. Current energy related carbon emission accounts for more than half of the global carbon emission of 10 GtC per year. Second, there is the imperative need to manage the demand side. Even if we can radically decarbonize our Energy and water, with the escalating demand we are likely to surpass the Earth’s sustaining capacity. Last but definitely not the least; global energy and water production should take into account its impacts on other resources such as waterfood Hopefully you a have a better idea of the water energy Nexus and how its affects all of us As a review: Who is the largest consumer of electricity in California? – California State Project what fuel source most water - ethanol What used no water – wind and solar
- And with that I will take questions..