The document summarizes the Declaration of Geneva and International Code of Medical Ethics. It provides background on the Declaration of Geneva, noting that it builds on the Hippocratic Oath and outlines a physician's dedication to medicine. It describes the creation of the International Code of Medical Ethics by the World Medical Association to establish ethical principles for physicians worldwide. It also discusses the Medical Council of India and its role in establishing standards for medical education and practice in India.

1. Declaration of Geneva and
International Code of
Medical Ethics

2. Declaration of Geneva

3. Declaration of Geneva
 The Declaration of Geneva is one of the World Medical Association's (WMA) oldest
policies adopted by the 2nd General Assembly in Geneva in 1948. It builds on the
principles of the Hippocratic Oath, and is now known as its modern version.
 It is a declaration of a physician's dedication to the humanitarian goals of medicine
 The Declaration of Geneva was intended as a revision of the Hippocratic Oath to a
formulation of that oath's moral truths that could be comprehended and
acknowledged in a modern way.

4. World Health Assembly
 It is the decision-making body of WHO
 The main functions of the World Health Assembly are to determine the
policies of the Organization, appoint the Director-General, supervise
financial policies, and review and approve the proposed programme budget.
 The Health Assembly is held annually in Geneva, Switzerland.
 It is attended by delegations from all WHO Member States and focuses on
a specific health agenda prepared by the Executive Board.

5. Contd.
 This declaration was especially important in view of the medical
crimes which had just been committed in German-occupied Europe.
 Unlike the case of the Oath of Hippocrates, the World Medical
Association calls the statement a "pledge".
 Declaration of Geneva was adopted by the General Assembly of the
World Medical Association at Geneva in 1948, amended in 1968,
1983, 1994, editorially revised in 2005 and 2006 and amended in
2017.

6. Creation
During the post World War II era and immediately after its foundation, the
World Medical Association (WMA) showed concern over the state of
medical ethics in general and all over the world, taking the responsibility
for setting ethical guidelines for the world physicians. The details of the
Nazi Doctors' Trial at Nuremberg which ended August 1947 and the
revelations about what the Imperial Japanese Army had done at Unit 731
in China during the war clearly demonstrated the need for reform, and for
a re-affirmed set of guidelines regarding both human rights and the rights
of patients.

7. Contd.
 A study committee was appointed to prepare a "Charter of Medicine"
which could be adopted as an oath or promise that every doctor in the
world would make upon receiving their medical degree or diploma.
 It took two years of intensive study of the oaths and promises submitted
by member associations to draft a modernized wording of the ancient
oath of Hippocrates which was sent for consideration at the WMA's
second general assembly in Geneva in 1948.

8. Contd.
 The medical vow was adopted and the assembly agreed to name it the
"Declaration of Geneva“. This document was adopted by the World
Medical Association only three months before the United Nations
General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(1948) which provides for the security of the person.

9. Timeline (WMA meetings)
 1948: Adopted. 2nd General Assembly, Geneva
 1968: First amendment. 22nd General Assembly, Sydney
 1983: Second amendment. 35th General Assembly, Venice
 1994: Third amendment. 46th General Assembly, Stockholm
 2005: Editorial Revision. 170th Council Session, Divonne-les-Bains
 2006: Editorial Revision. 173rd Council Session, Divonne-les-Bains
 2017: amended. 68th WMA General Assembly, Chicago, United States

10. Declaration of Geneva (2017)
As currently published by the World Medical Association reads:
AS A MEMBER OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION:
I SOLEMNLY PLEDGE to dedicate my life to the service of humanity;
THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF MY PATIENT will be my first consideration;
I WILL RESPECT the autonomy and dignity of my patient;
I WILL MAINTAIN the utmost respect for human life;
I WILL NOT PERMIT considerations of age, disease or disability, creed, ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political affiliation, race, sexual orientation, social
standing or any other factor to intervene between my duty and my patient;
I WILL RESPECT the secrets that are confided in me, even after the patient has died;
I WILL PRACTICE my profession with conscience and dignity and in accordance with good medical practice;
I WILL FOSTER the honor and noble traditions of the medical profession;
I WILL GIVE to my teachers, colleagues, and students the respect and gratitude that is their due;
I WILL SHARE my medical knowledge for the benefit of the patient and the advancement of healthcare;
I WILL ATTEND TO my own health, well-being, and abilities in order to provide care of the highest standard;
I WILL NOT USE my medical knowledge to violate human rights and civil liberties, even under threat;
I MAKE THESE PROMISES solemnly, freely and upon my honor.

11. International Code of Medical Ethics

12. International Code of Medical Ethics
 The main goal is to establish the ethical principles of the physicians
worldwide, based on his duties in general, to his patients and to his
colleagues.
 The International Code of Medical Ethics was adopted by the General
Assembly of the World Medical Association at London in 1949, amended
in 1968, 1983 and 2006.
 It is a code based on the Declaration of Geneva

13. Duties of Physicians in General
 A physician shall always maintain the highest standards of professional conduct.
 A physician shall not permit motives of profit to influence the free and independent exercise of
professional judgement on behalf of patients.
 A physician shall, in all types of medical practice, be dedicated to providing competent medical service in
full technical and moral independence, with compassion and respect for human dignity.
 A physician shall deal honestly with patients and colleagues, and strive to expose those physicians
deficient in character or competence, or who engage in fraud or deception.
 The following practices are deemed to be unethical conduct:
 a) Self-advertising by physicians, unless permitted by the laws of the country and the Code of Ethics of
the National Medical Association.
 b) Paying or receiving any fee or any other consideration solely to procure the referral of a patient or for
prescribing or referring a patient to any source.

14. Contd.
 A physician shall respect the rights of patients, of colleagues, and of other health professionals,
and shall safeguard patient confidences.
 A physician shall act only in the patient's interest when providing medical care which might
have the effect of weakening the physical and mental condition of the patient.
 A physician shall use great caution in divulging discoveries or new techniques or treatment
through non-professional channels.
 A physician shall certify only that which he has personally verified.

15. Duties of Physicians to the Sick
 A physician shall always bear in mind the obligation of preserving human
life.
 A physician shall owe his patients complete loyalty and all the resources of
his science. Whenever an examination or treatment is beyond the
physician's capacity he should summon another physician who has the
necessary ability.
 A physician shall preserve absolute confidentiality on all he knows about
his patient even after the patient has died.
 A physician shall give emergency care as a humanitarian duty unless he is
assured that others are willing and able to give such care.

16. Duties of Physicians to Each Other
 A physician shall behave towards his colleagues as he would have them
behave towards him.
 A physician shall not entice patients from his colleagues.
 A physician shall observe the principles of the "Declaration of Geneva"
approved by the World Medical Association.

17. Declaration of Helsinki
 It is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation
developed originally in 1964 for the medical community by the World
Medical Association (WMA).

18. In India
 The Medical Council of India (MCI) was a statutory body for
establishing uniform and high standards of medical education in India.
 The Council granted recognition of medical qualifications, gave
accreditation to medical schools, granted registration to medical
practitioners, and monitored medical practice in India.

19. Contd.
 Until its dissolution on 25 September 2020 when it was replaced by
National Medical Commission (NMC).
 Once the National Medical Commission came into being on 25
September 2020, the 87-year old Medical Council of India was
automatically dissolved and the Indian Medical Council Act stood
abolished.

20. Functions of MCI
 Establish and maintain uniform standards for undergraduate medical education.
 Regulate postgraduate medical education in medical colleges accredited by it. (The National Board of
Examinations is another statutory body for postgraduate medical education in India).
 Recognition of medical qualifications granted by University or UGC in medical institutions in India.
 Recognition of foreign medical qualifications in India.
 Accreditation of medical colleges.
 Registration of doctors with recognized medical qualifications. The state medical councils maintained a
register of doctors, forwarded quarterly to the national MCI. Foreign medical graduates could register
directly.
 Maintain a directory of all registered doctors (called the Indian Medical Register).
 Amend, as needed, the regulation of medical education and practices.

21. MCI Provides
Rules and Regulations on:

22. Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct
Etiquette And Ethics) Regulations 2020
 Chapter 1. Code Of Medical Ethics
 Chapter 2. Duties Of Physicians To Their Patients
 Chapter 3. Duties Of Physician In Consultation
 Chapter 4. Responsibilities Of Physicians To Each Other
 Chapter 5. Duties Of Physician To The Public And To The Paramedical Profession
 Chapter 6. Unethical Acts
 Chapter 7. Misconduct
 Chapter 8. Punishment And Disciplinary Action

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