The document discusses kidney problems and cures. It covers kidney stones, their causes like hypercalcemia and hyperoxaluria, types of stones, and treatments like lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Renal failure and its effects are explained. Dialysis options - hemodialysis which cleans blood through a dialyzer machine, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneal cavity - are described. Kidney transplant is also mentioned.

3. Kidney Problems and Cures
Chapter 15
Lecture .11
Prof .Rabia Ramzan

4. Kidney stone
Nephrolithiasis,
kidney stone called nephrolithiasis
kidney stone
Stony materials are found in kidney called----------
Effect
Kidney cause
1.Urinary obstruction
2.Complication by infection

5. Position of stones in excretory system
1.Stones in kidney
2.Stones in ureter
3.Stones in urinary bladder

7. Causes of stones
Kidney stones formed by metabolic disease,
1.Hypercalcimia
2.hyperoxaluria
Formation of stones
These salt precipitated out during urine formation and
accumulate later to form stone

8. Hypercalcimia
High level of circulating calcium in blood becouse of other disease

9. Hyperoxaluria
Higher blood level of oxalate
Sources of oxalate
1.Green vegetables
2.tomatoes

10. Types of Kidney Stones
There are major three types of stones
1.Calciumoxalate stones------ Incidence-----70%
2.Calciumphosphate stones----Incidence----15%
3.Uric acid stonesdence--------incidence-----10%

11. Removal of kidney stones
A urologist can remove the kidney stone
or break it into small pieces with the
following treatments:
1.Lithotripsy
2.Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy.
3.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

12. Lithotripsy
Non surgical removal of kidney stone
1.Extracorporeal shock
wave
2.X-rays
3.Ultrasound

13. Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy
are procedures used to view the inside of the
bladder, urethra, and possibly the ureters. A
cystoscope is an instrument used to examine
the urethra and bladder. A ureteroscope is an
instrument used to examine the ureters.

14. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
is a procedure used to remove kidney stones
from the body when they can't pass on their
own. A scope is inserted through a small
incision in your back to remove the kidney
stones.

15. Renal failure
Various factors of pathological and chemical
nature may progressively destroy the
nephron,its glomerulus

16. Effect of Renal failure
1.Plasma level of urea increase
2.Nitrogenous waste increase
 Increase in blood pressure
 anemia

18. Dialysis

19. Types of Dialysis
There are two types of dialysis
1.Hemodialysis
2.Peritoneal Dialysis

20. Hemodialysis
Means----cleaning blood
In which blood clean through Dialyzer
Dialyzer
 Machine also called artificial kidney
 Has two space separated by membrane

22. Peritoneal cavity
Cavity in abdomen
Peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity lined by thin membrane
called---
Peritoneal cavity filled with fluid enter the
body through catheter
Extra water and waste pass through
peritoneaum into dialysisfluid

24. Peritoneal Dialysis

26. Kidney transplant