2. Landscape Architecture
landscape architecture, the development and decorat
ive planting of gardens, yards, grounds, parks, and other
planned green outdoor spaces. Landscape gardening is u
sed to enhance nature and to create a natural setting for
buildings, towns, and cities. It is one of the decorative art
s and is allied to architecture, city planning, and horticult
ure.
3. INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE
Landscape: An expanse of scenery that can be see
n in a single view or from a single viewpoint.
“a piece of land which we perceive comprehensivel
y around us, without looking closely at single com
ponents, and which looks familiar to us” (Haber, 2
004)
“the total character of a region” (Von Humboldt)
“a mosaic of interacting ecosystems”
4. What is design?
• It is the process of creation of Object/ Space/ System/
Policy
• To serve a pre-determined purpose / Objective
• To solve one or more specified problems
• To enhance the quality of environment of the delineate
d space
What is landscape architecture
“art and science of planning and designing the landsca
pe for purposeful human use and the conservation of l
andscape resources”
“Landscape Architecture is the design profession conc
erned with the design, planning, management and ste
wardship of the land”
5. • Landscape Architecture is the design profession concerned with the design,
planning, management and stewardship of the land.
• The foundation of landscape architecture education and practice is the applic
ation of ecological design in the consideration of abiotic, biotic, and cultural f
eatures in conservation, development and restoration projects.
• The goal is to achieve environmental, social or aesthetically pleasing spaces
by investigating existing social, ecological and geological conditions in the la
ndscape.
• The work of landscape architects is all around us in the form and function of t
he land: the work often touches on urban design, site planning, storm water
management, urban planning, restoration, parks and recreation planning, gr
een infrastructure planning and private or residential master planning and de
sign.
• Those who practice the profession of landscape architecture are called "lands
cape architects".
As defined by the Landscape Architects
7. Behavioral sciences:
People will experience landscape; they will enjoy or criticize it. So people are psy
chologically involved once they see a landscape. If a person enjoys landscape it’s
a behaviorally positive result, if they don’t enjoy it’s a behaviorally negative result.
General sciences:
Once a person enters a park, they can experience a lot of plantations around them, a
water body, sand, boulders, play of light and shadow, a difference in the micro level o
f the climate. All these will be concerning to the general sciences. So whether one lik
e it or not, people cannot be devoid of these elements.
Engineering and technology:
When the execution of a designed landscape or alteration to a natural landscape, the
various technology comes in. In the absence of a proper engineering and technology,
no landscape would be perfect.
8. Categories of Landscape Design
1. Landscape derived directly from natural habitat of the region
They exist in their purest form only where man is absent or in the
areas of least human intervention
2. Man’s alteration of the natural habitat for his own use
• With or without major consideration or concern for the natural
settings and its elements.
• Introduced to accommodate or solve a certain issue or
requirement.
• Introduction of elements may sometimes result in mesmerizing
landscape, which can be a planned or an unplanned activity.
3. Landscape deliberately designed for a purpose
• A landscape designed and created intentionally by man for a
specific purpose.
• The character of the designed landscape helps to define the ima
ge of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiate
s one region from other and the activity that surrounds the place.
10. Role of Landscape Architects
• The planning, form, scale and siting of new developments.
• Storm water management including rain gardens, green roofs and treatment wetla
nds
• Campus and site design for institutions
• Parks, botanical gardens, arboretums, greenways, and nature preserves.
• Recreation facilities like golf courses, theme parks and sports facilities.
• Housing areas, industrial parks and commercial developments.
• Highways, transportation structures, bridges, and transit corridors
• Urban design, town and city squares, waterfronts, pedestrian schemes, and parkin
g lots.
• Large or small urban regeneration schemes.
• Forest, tourist or historic landscapes, and historic garden appraisal and conservati
on studies.
• Reservoirs, dams, power stations, reclamation of extractive industry applications o
r major industrial projects.
• Environmental assessment and landscape assessment, planning advice and land
management proposals.
• Coastal and offshore developments.
11. Hard And Soft Landscape Elements
• The elements of landscape design will fall into the broad categorization of hard and
soft scape elements.
• Soft Landscaping and Hard Landscaping are essential elements of a landscape
design. There is a requirement of a good mixture of soft as well as hard landsc
ape materials for a proper well-built landscape design
Hard Landscape:
• Hardscape or Hard Landscape refers to the heavy elements of a Landscape design
like stone, rocks or driveways.
• The construction materials used in the design of landscape elements or to make
outdoor structures come under hardscape.
Soft Landscape:
• The Softscape or the Soft Landscape is the living part of your landscape structure.
• The plants, the lawns, the trees and the shrubs make up the components of Soft Lan
dscape.
• For example, materials required to build a pond in a garden area are components of
Hard Landscape; however, the Pond itself is a part of Soft Landscape.
12. CAD (Computer-Aided Design)
AutoCAD is computer-aided design (CAD) software that is used for precise 3D and 2D draft
ing, CAD design, and modeling with solids, surfaces, mesh objects, documentation feature
s, and more.
CAD stands for Computer-Aided Design. It is a software application that allows you to creat
e 2D and 3D models of objects. CAD software is used by engineers, designers, and archite
cts to create a wide variety of products, including cars, buildings, and electronic devices.
computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application. Developed and marketed b
y Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a desktop app running on mi
crocomputers with internal graphics controllers
Here are some of the basic concepts of CAD:
Entities: The basic building blocks of CAD models are called entities. Entities can be points,
lines, curves, surfaces, and solids.
Constraints: Constraints are used to control the relationships between entities. For example,
you can use constraints to ensure that two lines are parallel or that a circle is tangent to a sq
uare.
Layers: Layers are used to organize your CAD models. You can create different layers for di
fferent types of entities, such as geometry, dimensions, and annotations.
Views: Views are used to represent your CAD models from different angles. You can create
different views for different purposes, such as manufacturing, documentation, and visualizati
on.
13. CAD has many benefits
Increased accuracy: CAD software allows you to create more accurate
models than traditional drafting methods.
Improved efficiency: CAD software can help you to save time and mon
ey by automating many of the tasks involved in the design process.
Enhanced collaboration: CAD models can be easily shared with others
, which can help to improve collaboration and communication.
Increased creativity: CAD software can help you to explore new design
ideas and concepts.
Landscaping: AutoCAD can be used to create drawings for landscapin
g projects, such as gardens, parks, and golf courses.
14. Some of the features of AutoCAD include:
2D and 3D drafting
Object snap and constraint tools
Layer management
Dimensioning
Visualization tools
Parametric modeling
Collaboration tools
15. Landscaping in AutoCAD
Landscaping is the art of designing and arranging outdoor spaces, such as gardens,
parks, and yards. It can be used to create a variety of different looks, from formal to i
nformal, and can be used to enhance the beauty of a property, as well as its function
ality
There are many different aspects to landscaping, including
Plant selection: The type of plants you choose will have a big impact on the look and feel of yo
ur landscape. You'll need to consider the climate, the amount of sunlight your yard gets, and y
our personal preferences when choosing plants.
Hardscaping: Hardscaping refers to the non-living elements of a landscape, such as walkways
, patios, and retaining walls. Hardscaping can be used to define spaces, provide structure, an
d add interest to a landscape.
Water features: Water features, such as fountains, ponds, and waterfalls, can add beauty and
tranquility to a landscape. They can also help to improve the air quality and reduce noise pollu
tion.
Lighting: Landscape lighting can be used to highlight features, create a sense of security, and
extend the use of your outdoor space into the evening hours.
Maintenance: Landscaping requires regular maintenance to keep it looking its best.
This includes tasks such as watering, weeding, and trimming.
16. Lines: Lines can be used to create the outlines of paths, patios, and ot
her hardscape features.
Curves: Curves can be used to create the outlines of plants and other
softscape features.
Text: Text can be used to label plants, hardscape features, and other e
lements of your landscape.
Dimensions: Dimensions can be used to accurately measure the size o
f your landscape features.
Views: Views can be used to represent your landscape from different a
ngles.
Use layers: Layers can be used to organize your drawings and to mak
e them easier to understand.
Use symbols: Symbols can be used to represent plants, hardscape fea
tures, and other elements of your landscape. This can save you time a
nd effort when drawing your plans.
Some of the tools that can be used in AutoCAD for landscaping
17. 2D and 3D
2D shapes have length and width, but no depth. They are flat and can
be represented on a piece of paper. Examples of 2D shapes include sq
uares, circles, and triangles.
3D shapes have length, width, and depth. They have volume and can b
e represented in a three-dimensional space. Examples of 3D shapes in
clude cubes, spheres, and pyramids.
Feature 2D Shapes 3D Shapes
Dimensions Length and width Length, width, and depth
Representation Flat Three-dimensional
Volume No Yes
Examples Squares, circles, triangles Cubes, spheres, pyramids
18. Coordinate system
A coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers, or coo
rdinates, to uniquely determine the position of the points or other geome
tric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space.
Cartesian coordinate system: The Cartesian coordinate system is the mo
st common coordinate system. It uses two perpendicular number lines, c
alled the x-axis and the y-axis, to uniquely determine the position of a po
int in a plane. The point is located at the intersection of the two lines, an
d its coordinates are the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate.
Polar coordinate system: The polar coordinate system uses a single nu
mber line, called the radial axis, and an angle to uniquely determine the
position of a point in a plane. The point is located at a distance from the
origin, called the radius, and at an angle from the positive x-axis, called t
he angle
Spherical coordinate system: The spherical coordinate system uses thre
e number lines, called the radial axis, the polar angle, and the azimuthal
angle, to uniquely determine the position of a point in space. The point i
s located at a distance from the origin, called the radius, at an angle fro
m the positive z-axis, called the polar angle, and at an angle from the po
sitive x-axis, called the azimuthal angle.
