This is my project based on bus transportation. this project can be done by any engineering or diploma students

1. By,
SHREYAS.B.L
E&C dept.

2. INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT
Most of the people prefer buses as the common modes of transport. As they travel
daily by buses, they carry their own pass with them But some have to pay the bus
fare while traveling in the bus. Sometimes they may be chances that a passenger
may forget his wallet and his pocket runs out of money. He has to pay the fine
finally. So to avoid all these, this project has been designed.
AIM
This project presents “Intelligent bus fare pay system using smart card” which
is Designed using Embedded Technology. Embedded C language is used for
programming.

3. Block diagram
This project consists:
1. Smart card with RFID card reader
2. AVR Microcontroller
3. LCD Display
4. Serial communication device
5. GSM Modem
6. Power supply
7. Keypad
8. Embedded C Language
9. Arduino Software

4. Smart card with RFID card reader
 RFID stands for Radio-frequency identification.
 RFID is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the
purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.
 There are two types of RFID transponder (tag)
 Passive tag: are generally smaller, lighter and less expensive than those that are
active and can be applied to objects in harsh environments, are maintenance free
and will last for years. These transponders are only activated when within the
response range of an RFID Reader (within 10cm only)
 Active tag: Active tags incorporate their own power source and These
transponders are activated for long distance (within 100 to 200mtrs)
 The Interrogator (RFID Reader) which transmits and receives the signal and the
Transponder (tag) that is attached to the object. An RFID tag is composed of a
miniscule microchip and antenna.

5. AVR Microcontroller
 AVR stands for Advanced Virtual RISC.
 AVR, ATMEGA8L Microcontroller is heart of this project.
 The AVR is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single chip
microcontroller which was developed by Atmel in 1996.
 The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash
memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time programmable ROM,
EPROM or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time.
8051 PIC AVR
SPEED Slow Moderate Fast
MEMORY Small Large Large c
ARCHITECTURE CISC RISC RISC
ADC Not Present Inbuilt Inbuilt
Timers Inbuilt Inbuilt Inbuilt
PWM Channels Not Present Inbuilt Inbuilt

6. LCD DISPLAY
 A liquid crystal display (commonly abbreviated LCD)
 LCD is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of colour or
monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector.
 It is often utilized in battery-powered electronic devices because it uses very
small amounts of electric power.
 In this project LCD Display is used for monitoring purpose.
 We have used 16x2 LCD display

7. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
 Stands for Global System for Mobile Communication
 GSM Is used describe technologies for second generation (2G) digital cellular
network.
 GSM is used in our project to notify the traveler as well as the main storage
SERIAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE
 serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time
 Serial communication is used for all long-haul communication, where the cost of
cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel communication impractical
 Here Serial Communication device is used to send message to PC for monitoring
purpose.

8. Keypad
 Keypad circuit board is used here to enter the destination where passenger needs to go.
 It is used increment or decrement number of passengers travelling.
Introduction of Software
 In this project we have used Arduino software for programing.
 Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other
microcontroller platforms.
 Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, OSX and Linux operating
systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environment is
easy-to-use for beginners.
 We have used embedded C programming language to program the microcontroller by
using this software.

9. WORKING OF OUR PROJECT

10. Applications
 It can be used in all buses.
 It can be used in trains.
 It can be used in tolls.
 It can be used in petrol bunks.
Advantages
 Reduce man power.
 Easy to use.
 Low power device.
 Save money & time.
 More Secure.
 Lists the passenger’s data base stored in the device during accident.
 Conductor is not needed. etc…

11. How can we improve this project
 By using GPS we can track exact location of the bus.
 We can do Online recharge.
 Seat selection can be done..etc.
Conclusion
The Intelligent Bus Fare pay System using Smart Card has been designed
&demonstrated. Here RFID Reader, Smart Card & GSM is used to implement bus fare
pay system. In this project one source & one destination part is implemented. AVR
Microcontroller is reprogrammable device, if we increase this source & destination by
using more number of smart card with same RFID reader in the future. Also we can
enhance it to send the message to more people whom need to use this smart card for
using GSM.

12. Reference
 AVR Microcontroller—Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR),
ATMEGA8L Data Sheet.
 Relay-- Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay)
 LCD Display- 16 X2 LCD Data Sheet
 RFID Reader – UltiSmart Infotech Notes (www.eultismart.wix.com/ infotech,
www.ultismartinfotech.com )
 GSM— UltiSmart Infotech Notes (www.eultismart.wix.com/ infotech,
www.ultismartinfotech.com )
 Alarm-- UltiSmart Infotech Notes (www.eultismart.wix.com/ infotech,
www.ultismartinfotech.com )
 Key Pad-- UltiSmart Infotech Notes (www.eultismart.wix.com/ infotech,
www.ultismartinfotech.com )