This document outlines a proposed research presentation on fault identification and solutions in photovoltaic energy systems for a PhD program. It includes sections on motivation, solar energy generation, photovoltaic power generation, objectives, identified research areas, methodology, and references. The objectives are to monitor systems to maintain optimal PV performance and identify causes affecting energy production through fault diagnosis. The methodology involves a literature review, detecting and mitigating faults in PV systems, optimizing performance with maximum power point tracking techniques, and compiling the work as a thesis.

1. A Proposed Research Presentation on
Fault Identification and Their solution in Photovoltaic Energy
System
For the admission of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical Engineering)
Netaji Subhash University of Technology, Dwarka (New Delhi), INDIA

2. OUTLINES OF PRESENTATION
 Introduction
 Motivation of Research Work
 Solar Energy Generation
 Photovoltaic Power Generation
 Detection of problems
 Objectives of Research Work
 Identified Research Areas
 Methodology
 Conclusion
 References

3. Introduction
 The consumption of electric energy is increased many folds all over the
world due to its several advantageous features. Limited fossil fuels
resources and their impact on environment, forced the researchers to
explore alternative of energy sources.
 Alternative energy is generally defined as any power source that is not
based on fossil fuels or nuclear reactions, which includes electricity
generation from wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, plant matter and mini
hydropower.
 The shortage of energy resources is experienced globally, as the rate of
energy consumption is exponentially increasing. An urgent need to explore
more sustainable energy system is considered. The use of renewable energy
(RE) sources is one of the best available options [1].

4. Introduction
 India has 5th position in the installed capacity of renewable energy.
Renewable energy accounts for approximately 35.86% of a total 370 GW of
power generation capacity installed in India [2].
 Demand for power in India has been increasing due to the rising population,
growing economy, and changing lifestyles.
 Despite substantial capacity additions, the power sector is still in shortage of
energy.
 Specially installed capacity of renewable energy in India is approximately
35.86% of total power, in which Gujarat and Rajasthan states are having
maximum installed capacity of renewable energy. Renewable energy
sources like solar energy and photovoltaic (PV) power are becoming
popular.

5. Fig.1 Percentage of power installed capacity in INDIA (as on 31 March 2020);[2]
coal 55.4 %
large hydro
12.30 %
small hydro
1.30 %
wind power
10.20%
solar power
9.40%
biomass
2.70%
nuclear
1.80 %
gas
6.70 %
diesel
0.10 %
INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY IN INDIA

6. Motivation of Research Work
 A solar cell panel as an efficient power source for the generation of
electrical energy has long been considered. Any damage on the solar
panel’s surface lead to reduced production of power loss in the yield.
 Defects are caused by mechanical & chemical natural factors stressing
the panel operating in field, such as snow, sun, wind and severe cold.
 Further stress factors are based on the thermal cycles of the cells
involving contracting, expanding solder and wire interconnects. In this
case, identification of defects in the solar panel is essential to be
performed to obtain a product of high quality.
 Interest in photovoltaic power generation has increased in recent years
thanks to its advantages. This wide distribution of photovoltaic panel
production was not followed by monitoring, fault detection and
diagnosis functions to ensure better profitability. Numerous studies have
been done on diagnosis of photovoltaic systems but just a few have been

7. Photovoltaic Power Generation
 The PV array source consists of many series-parallel PV modules connected
to provide the desired DC voltage required by the system. The solar cell
usually represented by simplified equivalent circuit model is shown in
figure (3) as,
Fig 3. Equivalent circuit of PV cell
The PV cell output voltage Vc is given as,
Io
RS
IPh Vc
Ic
ln
ph o c
c
c s c
o
I I I
AKT
V R I
e I
 
 
 
 
 
…………..(3)
Where,

8. Photovoltaic Power Generation
e: Electron charge (1.602x10-19 Coulombs)
K: Boltzmann constant (1.38x10-2/K)
IC : Cell output (Amp)
IPh : Photo current, function of irradiance level and junction temp (Amp)
Io: Reverse saturation current of diode (0.0002A)
Rs : Series resistance of cell (0.001ohm)
Tc: Reference cell operating temperature (30 •C)
Vc: cell output voltage (Volt)
A: Gain constant
 The typical I-V characteristic curves of the PV system used under different
irradiance level (at 25 •C) is shown in figure (4).
 Temperature plays an important role in the I-V performance of PV system,
which is illustrated in figure (5).

9. Photovoltaic Power Generation
60
Isc
Current (A)
0
Output Voltage (V)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
20 40 80
200 W/m2
400 W/m2
600 W/m2
800 W/m2
1000 W/m2 Irradiance levels
Cell Voltage
(Vc)
2.0
Fig. 4. I-V characteristics of PV cell Figure 5. I-V characteristics of PV system on different temperature
 It is clear from figure (4) that higher irradiance results into larger short circuit
current (Isc) and It is also clear from figure (5), at the lower temperature
ranges, the output current and voltage are maximum.

10. Fault categorisation in Photovoltaic system

11. HOW TO IDENTIFY FAULT IN PV SYSTEM

12. Objectives for Research Work
 To Monitor The systems are essential to maintain optimal
performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems.
 A critical aspect in such monitoring systems is the fault
diagnosis technique being used.
 The role of a fault detection and diagnosis technique is to
identify the causes affecting the real-time energy production
and/or smooth functioning of PVsystems.
The investigation of these faults is also conducted
analytically and experimentally, and maintenance
suggestions are also provided for different fault types.
 Furthermore, the fault diagnosis method can be
incorporated into the maximum power point tracking
schemes to shift the operating point of the PV string.

13. Identified Research Area
 Therefore, continuous monitoring of PV system(s) health are very
crucial to detect the causes, which hamper the desired
performance.
 A comprehensive solution for all these problems is being
termed as monitoring system along with fault diagnosis
techniques, whose job is to maximize the operational
reliability of PV system with minimum system costs and to
detect the causes affecting the performance of the PV
system.

14. Identified Research Area
 A permanent fault would remain for prolonged time
whereas a temporary fault can be cleared within a
specific time period. Faults can occur in a PV array and
generate different effects on the performance and lifetime
of PV system.
 The diagnosis enables detection, isolation and identification of
a fault that reached a critical threshold

15. Methodology
The scope of research work has been identified and the research
process can be analyzed as,
Fig. 6 Block Diagram of Research Activity

16. Methodology
In block diagram of figure (6), different phases are proposed. In
first phase a plan is proposed for deciding the research area or
topic in a specific field. The second phase is literature survey and
collection necessary literature.
 Based on literature survey; Detection of various fault in PV solar
system, then mitigation of these fault may carried out. After that
we will optimize the solar Pv performance by several kinds of
MPPT techniques like as P&O, PSO, artificial intelligence method
and so on. Lastly the work will be compiled as per thesis outline.

17. Conclusion
 The fault detection for power electronics and various islanding detection
techniques explored.
 Moreover, well-timed identification of mal-operation at the module level is
strategically important to guarantee better performance.
 The fault detection approach observed is mainly focused on the
development of paradigms for the assessment of accidental as well as
mishappening causes leading to energy losses, such as partial shading, open
or short circuit fault in any module, bypass diode fault and faulty inverter.
This technique is based on the comparison between the measured and model
prediction results of the PV array and inverter efficiency to detect the
energy losses.
 Therefore several technology will lower the capital and operational costs
of PV plants as well as increase their energy efficiency

18. References
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20. Thank You…..