An In-Depth Concept of Equilibrium For IIT JEE (CHEMISTRY) Exams. Join Studyduniya.com for More. https://bit.ly/2GFxAFJ

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A mixture of reactants and products in the
equilibrium state is called an equilibrium
mixture.
Consider a general reversible reaction:
LAW OF MASS ACTION

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Kc is the equilibrium constant and the
expression on the right side is called the
equilibrium constant expression.
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

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Change in any of the factors that determine
the equilibrium conditions of a system will
cause the system to change in such a
manner so as to reduce or to counteract the
effect of the change.
LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE

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When the concentration of any of the
reactants or products in a reaction at
equilibrium is changed, the composition
of the equilibrium mixture changes so as
to minimize the effect of concentration
changes
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION CHANGE

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If equilibrium mixture kept in a cylinder
fitted with a piston at constant temperature
is compressed to one half of its original
volume. Then, total pressure will be doubled
EFFECT OF PRESSURE CHANGE

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In general, the temperature dependence of
the equilibrium constant depends on the
sign of /H for the reaction.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE
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The equilibrium constant for an exother-
mic reaction (negative /H) decreases as
the temperature increases.
The equilibrium constant for an endothe
-rmic reaction (positive /H) increases as
the temperature increases.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE
_
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THE BRÖNSTED-LOWRY ACIDS
& BASES
Acid is a substance that is capable of donating
a hydrogen ion H+ and bases are substances
capable of accepting a hydrogen ion, H+.

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An acid as a species which accepts electron
pair and base which donates an electron
pair.
LEWIS ACIDS AND BASES

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Strong acids are termed strong because
they are almost completely dissociated
into their constituent ions in an aqueous
medium, thereby acting as proton (H+)
donors.
Strong bases are almost completely
dissociated into ions in an aqueous
medium giving hydroxyl ions, OH–
IONIZATION OF ACIDS AND BASES

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The concentration of water is omitted
from the denominator of dissociation
const equation as water is a pure liquid.
IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER

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THE pH SCALE

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The cations/anions formed on ionization of
salts interact with water to reform
corresponding acids/bases depending upon
the nature of salts. The process of interaction
between water and cations/ anions or both
of salts is called hydrolysis.
HYDROLYSIS OF SALTS

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It is defined as a shift in equilibrium on
adding a substance that provides more of
an ionic species already present in the
dissociation equilibrium.
COMMON ION EFFECT

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The solutions which resist change in pH on
dilution or with the addition of small
amounts of acid or alkali are called Buffer
Solutions.
BUFFER SOLUTIONS

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SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANT

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The solutions which resist change in pH on
dilution or with the addition of small
amounts of acid or alkali are called Buffer
Solutions.
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANT