An In-Depth Concept of Solid-state For IIT JEE (CHEMISTRY) Exams. Join Studyduniya.com for More.

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Crystalline: consists of a large number of
small crystals, each of them having a
definite characteristic geometrical shape.
Amorphous: consists of particles of
irregular shape. The arrangement of
constituent particles in such a solid has
only short range order.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
Solids can be classified as:

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Molecular: Molecules are the constituent
particles of molecular solids. These are
further sub divided into Non polar, Polar
& Hydrogen Bonded Molecular Solids.
Ionic: Ions are the constituent particles of
ionic solids.
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
Crystalline solids can be classified as:

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Metallic: Metals are orderly collection of
positive ions surrounded by and held toget
her by a sea of free electrons.
covalent solids: A wide variety of crystalline
solids of non-metals result from the
formation of covalent bonds between
adjacent atoms throughout the crystal.
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
Crystalline solids can be classified as:

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Unit cell is the smallest portion of a crystal
lattice which, when repeated in different
directions, generates the entire lattice.
UNIT CELLS
A unit cell is characterised by:
(i) its dimensions along the three edges, a, b
and c.
(ii) angles between the edges, α (between b &
c) β (between a and c) & γ (between a & b).

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PRIMITIVE UNIT CELLS
When constituent particles are present
only on the corner positions of a unit cell, it
is called as primitive unit cell.

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When a unit cell contains one or more
constituent particles present at positions
other than corners in addition to those at
corners, it is called a centred unit cell.
CENTRED UNIT CELLS (1/2)
(i) Body-Centred Unit Cells: Contains one
constituent particle at its body-centre
besides the ones that are at its corners.

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CENTRED UNIT CELLS (2/2)
(ii) Face-Centred Unit Cells: Contains one
constituent particle present at the centre
of each face, besides the ones that are at
its corners.
(iii) End-Centred Unit Cells: One constituent
particle is present at the centre of any two
opposite faces besides the ones present
at its corners.

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SEVEN PRIMITIVE UNIT CELLS IN
CRYSTALS

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SEVEN PRIMITIVE UNIT CELLS IN
CRYSTALS

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SEVEN PRIMITIVE UNIT CELLS IN
CRYSTALS

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SEVEN PRIMITIVE UNIT CELLS IN
CRYSTALS

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PRIMITIVE CUBIC UNIT CELL
In all, since each
cubic unit cell has 8
atoms on its corners,
the total number
of atoms in one unit
cell is 1/8 × 8 = 1 atom.

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BODY-CENTRED CUBIC UNIT CELL
(i) 8 corners × 1/8 per
corner atom
=8 × 1/8 = 1 atom
(ii) 1 body centre atom
= 1 × 1 = 1 atom
∴ Total number of
atoms per unit cell
= 2 atoms

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FACE-CENTRED CUBIC UNIT CELL
(i) 8 corners × 1/8 per
corner atom
=8 × 1/8 = 1 atom
(ii) 6 face centre atoms ×
1/2 atom per unit cell
= 6 × 1/2 = 3 atom
∴ Total number of
atoms per unit cell
= 4 atoms

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CLOSE PACKED STRUCTURES

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CLOSE PACKED STRUCTURES
(a) Placing second layer over the first layer

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CLOSE PACKED STRUCTURES
(b) Placing third layer over the second layer
Covering Tetrahedral Voids

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CLOSE PACKED STRUCTURES
(b) Placing third layer over the second layer
Covering Octahedral
Voids

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PACKING EFFICIENCY
Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

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PACKING EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of Packing in Body-Centred Cubic
Structures

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PACKING EFFICIENCY
Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

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POINT DEFECTS
Point defects are the irregularities or
deviations from ideal arrangement around a
point or an atom in a crystalline substance
Point defects can be classified into three
types :
(i) stoichiometric defects
(ii) impurity defects and
(iii) non-stoichiometric defects.

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TYPES OF POINT DEFECTS
Frenkel defects Schottky defects

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IMPURITY DEFECTS

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NON-STOICHIOMETRIC DEFECTS
Metal Excess Defect

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NON-STOICHIOMETRIC DEFECTS
Metal Deficiency Defect:
Solids which are difficult to prepare in the
stoichiometric composition and contain less
amount of the metal as compared to the
stoichiometric proportion.

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PARAMAGNETISM
Paramagnetic substances are weakly
attracted by a magnetic field. They are
magnetised in a magnetic field in the same
direction. They lose their magnetism in the
absence of magnetic field.

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DIAMAGNETISM
Diamagnetic substances are weakly repelled
by a magnetic field. They are weakly
magnetised in a magnetic field in opposite
direction.

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FERROMAGNETISM &
ANTIFERROMAGNETISM
Substances which attracted very strongly
by a magnetic field are called
ferromagnetic substances. Besides strong
attractions, these substances can be
permanently magnetised.
Antiferromagnetism have domain structure
similar to ferromagnetic substance, but
their domains are oppositely oriented and
cancel out each other's magnetic moment

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FERRIMAGNETISM
Ferrimagnetism is observed when the
magnetic moments of the domains in the
substance are aligned in parallel and anti-
parallel directions in unequal numbers