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1. Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya,
Sagar(M.P)
Department of Applied Geology
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR
COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA
(DISTRICT)
MADHYA PRADESH
Under the guidance of, Presented by,
Prof. S. H. Adil Anishiya Das
M. Tech. 6th Sem
Y17251005
Presentation on:

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Coal
• Regional Geology
• Satpura basin
• Stratigraphy
• Geological structures
• Prospecting and Exploration
• Drilling
• Core logging
• Ore Reserve estimation
• Visit to coal mines
• Conclusion
• References

3. INTRODUCTION
• The GSI camp area is located in the Hiwarasani
village, Amarwara Tehsil, Chhindwara District,
Madhya Pradesh.
• The study area falls under survey of India
toposheet no. 55J/11, 55 J/12, 55J/15 and
55J/16.
• The purpose of the training was to learn various
field aspects of coal deposits and techniques of
coal prospecting and exploration.

4. COAL
• Coal is a readily combustible black or brownish-
black (opaque) stratified heterogeneous
organoclastic sedimentary rock normally occurring
in rock strata in layers known as coal beds.
• The process of formation of coal is known as
Coalification or maturation (burial stage, dynamo
thermal) or humification (peat stage, biochemical
degradation) process under conditions of limited
oxygen availability (anaerobic conditions).
https://www.google.com/search?q=coalification&tbm

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71. W a rd h a
72. B a n de r
73. U m re r
74. K a m p te e
75. P e n c h-K a n h a n
76 . P a tha kh e ra
77 . T a wa
78 . M oh p a ni
50 0 0 50 0 K ilom e te rs
km
GONDWANA COALFIELDS IN INDIA
PENCH VALLEY
COALFIELD
https://www.google.com/search?q=gondwana+coalfields+in+india

6. REGIONAL GEOLOGY
• The Indian Gondwana strata is significant as
they mark the initiation of sedimentation in
peninsular India in the Permo-Carboniferous
time after a long depositional hiatus beginning
at the end of Proterozoic.
• All these successions, in general, start with
basal diamictite and glacial outwash deposits,
followed successively by coal-bearing
siliciclastic rocks.

7. Bhagirati
R.
Rajmahal
Raniganj
Karharbari
Dubrajpur
Durgapur
Damodar R.
Barakar R.
DAMODAR BASIN
KOEL BASIN
Daltonganj
Tiki Nidpur
Parsora
Pali
Umaria
Jabalpur
S A T P U R A B A S I N
Bijori
Narmada R.
Godavari R.
Pranhita
R.
Chintalpudi
Krishna R.
HYDERABAD
Talchir
Bhubaneswar
Athgarh
Mahanadi R.
Nagpur
Kamthi
Mangli
P
R
A
N
H
I
T
A
G
O
D
A
V
A
R
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B
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S
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Manendragarh
MAHANADI BASIN
Son R.
Ganga R.
KOLKATA
83 88
78 79 80 81 82
84 85 86 87
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
89
88
87
86
85
SON BASIN
B
A
Y
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F
B
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N
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Ramagundam
Kothagudem
BANGLA
DESH
R
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J
M
A
H
A
L
B
A
S
IN
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
0 50 100 150 km
Scale
Ptilophyllum Assemblage zone (Jurassic to Lr. Cretaceous
Lepidopteris-Dicroidium Assemblage Zone (Triassic)
Glossopteris Assemblage Zone (Permian)
Gondwana Basins of
Peninsular India
Dharwar
craton
Bastar
craton
Singhbhum
craton
Bundelkhand
craton
SATPURA
BASIN
https://www.google.com/search?q=gondwana+basins+of+peninsular+India

8. Gondwana basins in peninsular India (after Narula et al 2000
• The area of study is concerned with the Satpura basin.
• Satpura basin is the westernmost basin exposed in the peninsular region.
• It is unique among all the Indian Gondwana basins by having the longest range of
stratigraphic record spanning from Permian to Cretaceous (Crookshank 1936).

9. SATPURA BASIN
• Situated to the south of Narmada-Son geo-fracture and to the
north of Betul- Chhindwara Plateau.
• Spindle-shaped basin elongated in the ENE-WSW direction.
• It covers an area of about 12,000 sq. km with 200 km long
and 60 km wide
• The maximum cumulative thickness of Gondwana sediments
in this basin is around 5,000m, which records one of the
longest stratigraphic ranges among the Indian Gondwana
spanning from Permian to Cretaceous.
• All the coalfields, except Mohpani, located in the southern
part of the basin

10. • This basin is fault-bounded both at its southern and
northern margins.
• Pull-apart’ origin, formed by strike slip movement
along ENE-WSW trending basin .
• Sub-divided into the Pench-Kanhan sub basin in the
south and Denwa sub basin in the north (Peters & Singh,
2001).
• These sub basins are separated by Malni-Tamiya High
which runs sub parallel to the strike of the basin.
• General strike is ENE-WSW to E-W with 6 to 9
northerly dip
Major boundary faults of the
Satpura basin (after Narula
et al 2000).

11. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE AREA
after Raja Rao (1983)

12. Recent Quarternary Alluvium
Late Cretaceous Deccan Trap Basalt and inter-trappean
Unconformity
Early Creataceous Jabalpur Formation (250m) Sandstone alternating with white
clay and Conglomerate
Up.-Mid. Jurassic Bagra Formation (520m) Conglomerate, pebbly sandstone
and red mudstone
Unconformity
Mid Triassic Denwa Formation (620m) Red mudstone and sandstone
alternation; calcareous mudstone
Lower Triassic Pachmari Formation (780m) Multi-storeyed sandstone with
minor grey/red mudstone.
Disconformity
Upper Permian Bijori Formation (1590m) Sandstone alternate with carb
shale and thin coal beds.
Abundant plant impressions.
Upper Permian Motur Formation (890m) Thick red mudstone-dominated
succession with sheets of
medium grained sandstone
Lower Permian Barakar Formation (450m) Major coal bearing formation
Associated carbonaceous shale
interlayers with sandstone.
Upper Carb. Talchir Formation (455m) conglomerate, pebbly sandstone
& khaki green shale
Unconformity
Precambrian Basement Gneisses, quartzite, granite, etc

13. BASEMENT:Perthitic texture in porphyritic
granite in the basement of Satpura basin
situated near Khirsadoh village
TALCHIR FORMATION: Polymictic conglomerate
BARAKAR FORMATION: Interbanding of
sandstone ,shale ,siltstone

14. Gradational contact between MOTUR &
BIJORI FORMATION
BIJORI FORMATION
MOTUR FORMATION: White Sandstone &
Reddish Claystone
PACHMARHI FORMATION

15. BAGRA FORMATION
DENWA FORMATION
JABALPUR FORMATION DECCAN TRAP

16. RF- 1: 30000

17. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
Silicification along Fault Plane
(Talchir formation)
Horst &Graben Structure (Motur Formation)
Minor Normal Fault (Bijori Formation)
Normal Fault (Between Bijori Formation &
Pachmari Formation)

18. Ridge & Furrow Structure (Sandstone
of Jabalpur Formation)
Bedding & Lamination
Cross Bedding in Pachmarhi Sandstone Trough Cross Bedding Structure (Bijori
Sandstone).

19. Herring-Bone and Cross Bedding
(Pachmari Sandstone)
Convolute Bedding
Columnar Joint in Basalt
Vesicular structure in Basalt

20. PROSPECTING AND EXPLORATION
AIM: To establish,
• the existence of coal horizons.
• To demarcate the potential area for taking up Regional Exploration.
• Stratigraphic sequence of coal-bearing area
• Disposition of different formations
• Sequence of coal seams
• Behavioral pattern
• Structural layout
• Quality assessment
• Resource assessment

21. 1. REGIONAL
2. SEMIDETAILED
3. DETAILED
4. DEVELOPMENT PHASE MINING FEASIBILITY AND
ACTUAL MINE PLANNING
BY G.S.I
GSI,CMPDIL, MECL &
PRIVATE ENTERPRISES

22. Stage Nature Scale of mapping Bore hole
spacing
G4 Reconnaissance 1:50,000 >2km (up to 5 test
bore holes per 100
sq.km)
G3 Prospecting 1:50,000 to
1:25,000(1:10,000
for coal and
lignite)
1 to 2 km
G2 General
exploration
1:25,000 to
1:5,000 (1:10,000
for coal)
400m to 1km
G1 Detailed
exploration
1:10,000(1:5,000
for coal)
12 to 15 bore holes
per sq.km

23. Preliminary exploration (G3)
• It is the systematic process of searching for a mineral deposit
by narrowing down areas of promising enhanced mineral
potential.
• The methods utilized are outcrop identification, geological
mapping, and indirect methods such as geophysical and
geochemical studies.
• Limited wide spaced pitting/ trenching/drilling with sampling
is made to identify a deposit which will be the target for
further exploration.
• Estimates of quantities are inferred, based on interpretation
of geological, geophysical, geochemical and geo-technical
investigation results.
• Scale: 1:50,000 - 1: 25,000.
• Bore hole distance 1 -2 km.

24. DRILLING
• Drilling is an art or techniques of making holes
in the ground or rock by manual or by
mechanical process for various purpose.
• In field area, two types of drilling were used:
1) Conventional drilling
2) Wireline drilling
Diamond core bit

25. CONVENTIONAL DRILLING
• In conventional coring the
completes rod string and
core barrel has to be
removed from the hole.
WIRELINE DRILLING
• In wireline coring, the drill rod
only has to be withdrawn up to
the surface when the drill bit
needs to be changed.
Conventional Drilling in the field Wireline Drilling in the field

26. CORE LOGGING
Run length = 3m
Recovery length=0.40 + 0.60 + 0.15 + 1.00 + 0.50 + 0.10 =
2.75m
Loss = 3 – 2.75 = 0.25m
Informations used to describe the core log:
• Rock type -: Sandstone, silt, clay, mud, shale,
coal etc.
• Grain size-: Very fine, fine, medium, coarse,
very coarse, gritty grains.
• Colour -: whitish grey, greyish.
• Matrix-: Clayey, feldsphathic, chlorite,
ferruginous.
• Sorting -: well, moderate, poorly, ill.
• Structure -:
– Primary structure -: cross bedding,
lamination, flame structure, convolute
lamination.
– Secondary structure-: Fault, fracture,
joints, slickensides.
• Contact -: Sharp, gradational, irregular, faulted.
Clay Fine grained
sst
Silt Coarse
grained sst
Silt Clay
0.40 0.60 0.15 1.00 0.50 0.10
core logs

27. LITHOLOG
1 cm= 10m
X axis- borehole
Y axis- depth in m

28. ORE RESERVE ESTIMATION
Aim: To determine the quantity,
quality and amenability to commercial
exploitation of the raw material.
• To determine the extent of
exploration and development,
annual output, productive life of
mine etc.
Method employed in our area:
Polygonal method
https://www.google.com/search?q=ore+r
eserve+estimation+polygonal+method&t
bm=

29. VISIT TO COAL MINES
URDHAN OPEN CAST COAL MINE
• Situated at around 30 km away from
Amarwara Tehsil, of Chhindwara
District.
• Mine is situated in Pench valley area
and explored by CMPDI and mining is
carried out by WCL.
• Found in: Barakar formation.
• total coal seams- 5
• Maximum thickness of coal seam is 6
meters.
• Cumulative thickness: 15 – 17 m
• Grade of coal in this mine is G7– G9.
• Coal rank- Bituminous
• Moisture % : 3.19-3.35
• Ash %: 32.85-38.94
• GCV (kcal/kg) : 4427-4977
FORMATION LITHOLOGY
Deccan Trap Basalt
Jabalpur Formation Conglomerate
Barakar Formation 12-
16 meters
Coal seam I
Sandstone + Siltstone
Coal seam II
Sandstone
Coal seam III
Sandstone + Siltstone
Coal seam IV
Sandstone + Siltstone
Coal seam V
Talchir Formation Boulder Conglomerate

30. NAHERIYA UNDERGROUND MINES
• Situated at about 25
km away from
Amarwara Tehsil of
Chhindwara District.
• Cumulative Thickness
of Coal Seam: 12-13
meters
• Grade of Coal: G6
• Coal Rank : Bituminous
• Found in: Barakar
formation
• Total coal seams: 5
FORMATION LITHOLOGY
Deccan Trap Basalt
Jabalpur Formation Sandstone + Conglomerate
Barakar Formation 12- 16
meters
Coal seam I C
Shale
Coal seam II
Sandstone
Coal seam III
Sandstone + Siltstone
Coal seam IV
Sandstone + Siltstone
Coal seam V
Talchir Formation Boulder Conglomerate

31. CONCLUSION
• India is bestowed with commercial and non- commercial
resources of energy and coal has been the principal source of
energy.
• India is richly endowed with coal and lignite in sedimentary
basins of Gondwana and Tertiary ages.
• Coal is a non- renewable source of energy , thus it is limited.
• Let us all unite to ensure its sustainable use.

32. REFERENCES
• Casshyap, S.M., Qidwai, H.A. (1974): Glacial sedimentation of late
Palaeozoic Talchir diamictite, Pench valley coal-field, central India;
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 85 749-760.
• Casshyap, S. M.,Khan ,A. (2000): Tectono-sedimentary evolution of
the GondwananSatpura basin of central India: evidence of pre-Trap
doming, rifting and palaeoslope reversal; Journal of South African
Earth Sciences 31 59-66.
• Chandra, D., Singh, R.M., Singh,M.P. (2000): Textbook of coal (Indian
context), Tara book agency, Varanasi, 386p
• Ray, S.,Chakraborty, T. (2002): Lower Gondwana fluvial succession
of the Pench- Kanhan valley, India: stratigraphic architecture and
depositional controls; Sedim. Geol. 151 243-271
• Field diary
• www.googlesearch.com

33. THANK YOU !