Basic of exploration RC drilling sampling chemical analysis of Fe and Mn ores

1. GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND EXPLORATION
FOR IRON AND MANGANESE AROUND
NARAYANAPURA MINE SANDUR, KARNATAKA.
Submitted by,
HEMANTH KUMAR N
Reg.No GE118017,
IV Sem Applied Geology,
Dept. of Studies in Earth Science.
Manasagangotri,
University of Mysore.
Under the guidance of
PROF. B V SURESHKUMAR
Dept. of Studies in Earth Science,
Manasagangotri,
University of Mysore.

2. CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION
AIM and OBJECTIVE.
METHODOLOGY.
GEOLOGICAL SETUP.
GEOLOGICAL MAPPING.
EXPLORATION FOR Fe AND Mn AROUND NARAYANAPURA MINE.
CONCLUSION.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

3. 1.INTRODUCTION
Mapping technique is an outstanding field study to explore the
lithology or petrology of the targeted area to explore the new
Economically feasible deposits.
the use of minerals have been instrumental in rising the standard
of living mankind.
The sophisticated world of today is largely using of minerals,
whether it be as fertilizer food; coal, petroleum, natural gas and
atomic energy as sources of power; or countless other necessities of
life, like automobiles airplanes, ships, modern communications and a
host of chemicals which are derived from the use of minerals.
Production of minerals is affected by the changing needs of
manufacturing industries, accumulation of stock, fluctuations in
prices, and reuse of metallic scrap. The refining of less complex and

4. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
• To prepare a geological map of the selected area and to
explore for Iron and Manganese ores in the area by various
exploration methods and to estimate the ore reserve and
recourse of the area.
• The objective of this work is based on the field mapping was to
learn the techniques of the geological mapping in the S M
block, Sandur and study the host rock and associate rocks.
Exploration for Iron and Manganese using different geological
techniques and estimating of Iron and Manganese ore
mineralization.

5. METHODOLOGY.
• Preparation of geological mapping using basic mapping techniques.
• Ore exploration by using trenching, pitting and drilling (RC Drilling)
methods. Reverse Circulation drilling, or RC drilling, is a method of
drilling which uses dual wall drill rods that consist of an outer drill
rod with an inner tube. These hollow inner tubes allow the drill
cuttings to be transported back to the surface in a continuous, steady
flow.
• Sampling of ore by cone and quartering method, and chemical
analysis of Iron ore is done by stannous chloride (IS 1493) method
and manganese ore by volhard’s method as per the (IS 1473)
procedure, samples analyzed by the titration method using suitable
reagents to find how much percent of Fe and Mn present in the
collected samples and this are calculated for 100 %.
• Preparation of Lithology and profile section using AutoCAD 2013 and
to estimate of ore resource and reserve in the targeted area.

6. 2.GEOLOGICAL SETUP
The Chitradurga shear zone, Dharwar craton was divided into two
tectonic blocks, Western Dharwar craton (WDC) and Eastern dharwar
craton (EDC).
The division between the western and Eastern dharwar craton is
based on the nature and abundance of greenstone belts, as well as
the age of surrounding basement and degree of regional
metamorphism. This craton is comprises of Holenarasipur,
Bababudan, Shimoga-north Karnataka and Chitradurga Gadag belts
supracrustals (schist) belts. Dharwar super group is accumulated
during 2900-2600 my.
The prominent greenstone belts of the EDC are Kolar, Sandur and
Hutti these belts contain supracrustal rocks are made up of volcanic

7. GEOLOGY OF THE SANDUR SCHIST BELT:
The Sandur schist belt is one of the Dharwar type Precambrian
supracrustal belt and It is structurally highly disturbed area.
The basin is known for rich accumulation of both iron and
manganese ores by sedimentary formation as well as it is Lake
Superior or Algoma type.
Basement cover intense deformation and intrusion by younger
granites, means it is a volcano sedimentary basin. The sandur schist
belt has a lens shaped geometry about 60 kilo meters long, with a
maximum width of 28 kilo meters in the central part.

9. • Four formations have been distinguished in the basin,
Yeshwanthnagar formation Deogiri formation Donimalai formation
Nandihalli formation.
• The yeshwanthnagar formation is largely composed of volcanic
flows, the deogiri formation is composed of manganiferous
greywacke, argillite, then the donimalai formation consists of
banded hematite, chert and most probably Banded hematite jasper.
Nandihalli formation is composed of metabasalts with intercalations
of greywacke and argillites.
• Manganese mineralization area is only restricted to deogiri
(devagiri) formation whereas iron ore enrichment are with the
donimalai formation.

10. STRATIGRAPHY OF ROCK TYPE OF THE NMPL
Soil,
Greywacke/Argillite with BIF
Metabasalts with Fe & Mn bearing chert bands
metaclastic at the base of metabasalt
metavolcanics with quartzites,
Granite gneiss

11. GEOLOGICAL MAPPING.
• The geological maps record the regional distribution of rocks
belonging to different formations.
• They are used to solve problems in earth resource exploration
(minerals and hydrocarbons), civil engineering (roads, dams,
tunnels, etc.), environmental geoscience (pollution, landfill) and
hazards (landslides, earthquakes, etc.).

12. PREPARED GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE AREA BY USING
AUTOCAD.

13. EXPLORATION FOR IRON AND MANGANESE IN NMPL
• In thin soil cover, the location and testing of bedrock mineralization is made
relatively straight forward by the examination and sampling of outcrops
• In thick soil cover such testing may involve a deep sampling program by pitting,
trenching, or drilling.
• Pitting.
• Pitting is usually employed to test shallow, extensive, flat-lying bodies of mineralization.
• An ideal example of this would be a buried heavy mineral placer.
• The main advantage of pitting over a pattern-drill program on the same deposit is that pits
are capable of providing a very large volume sample.
• Trenching
• Trenches are usually employed to expose steep dipping bedrock buried below shallow
overburden, and are normally dug across the strike of the rocks or mineral zone being
tested.
• Excavation can be either by hand, mechanical digger, or by bulldozer on sloping ground.
• Excavated depths of up to 4 m are common.

14. Pitting. Trenching.
NOTE: only observed pitting and trenching no work has been carried out.

15. REVERSE CIRCULATION DRILLING:
• Reverse Circulation drilling, or RC drilling, is a method of drilling
which has dual wall drill rods that consist of an outer drill rod with
an inner tube.
• These hollow inner tubes allow the drill cuttings to be transported
back to the surface in a continuous, steady flow.
• Unlike diamond drilling, it compiles sample rock cuttings instead of
rock core.
• The drilling mechanism is most often a pneumatic reciprocating
piston called a hammer, which in turn is driving a tungsten-steel
drill bit, specifically made to be able to crush hard rock.

17. SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF DRILLED SAMPLES:
• Obtained rock sample through cyclone in RC drilling at every 1 meter
depth is collected and mixed well and divide the sample into required
amount by cone and quadrant method and transferred sample into core
boxes and bags to submit for analysis.
Manual crushing Jaw crusher Pulveriser

18. Fe ore sample. Mn ore sample.
Laboratory Samples for Chemical Analysis:
The laboratory samples shall be obtained after the material is pulverized to pass
through 150 microns IS sieve. Each laboratory sample shall be minimum of 150 g.
The material so obtained shall be divided into three or more equal parts, as
requested by the purchaser, the supplier, the referee and others, if any. All the
laboratory samples shall be preserved in dry, clean, and well-stoppered containers
and labelled with full identification particulars like, source of the ore, category of
the ore, supplier’s name, the lot and sub lot number and date of sampling.

19. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FE AND MN ORE.
• This Chemical analysis is done by the titration method as per Indian
standards for analysis of Iron Ore: IS 1493[part1] – 1981(Reaffirmed
2006).
• The required solutions for Fe analysis are listed below.
• Stannous chloride SnCl2:
• Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 + Orthphosphoric acid H3PO4 Mixture:
• Sodium Diphenylamine sulphonate indicator:
• Standard potassium dichromate solution 0.1

20. PROCEDURE FOR IRON (FE) ANALYSIS BY STANNOUS CHLORIDE
METHOD
• Pipette out 50ml of main solution and precipitate R2 O3.
• Dissolve R2 O3 in 20 to 25ml of dilute HCL (6N) and transfer the solution to a 500ml conical flask.
• Heat to boil for a while and add stannous chloride solution drop wise to the boiling solution with continuous stirring
until the yellow colour solution becomes just colourless.
• Add 2 to 3 drops excess stannous chloride solution and wash the sides with little water.
• Cool the flask rapidly under tap water or otherwise until contents have cool to the room temperature.
• Add about 10ml of mercuric chloride solution and shake the flask gently. At the stage of silky white precipitate
appears. Wait for about 2min.
• Dilute to 150 to 170ml volume and add three to four drops of sodium diphenylamine sulphonate.
• Indicator solution and titrate with standard potassium Dichromate solution continuously until a stable violet blue
color persists.
• Then calculate the % of Fe in it.
• % of Fe – A x B x 0.05585 x 100/C
Where,
• A = volume of standard K2Cr2O7 consumed.
• B = strength of the standard K2Cr2O7 solution.
• C = weight of the sample in gms representing the aliquot

21. CALCULATIONS FOR IRON.

22. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MANGANESE BY VOLHARD’S
METHOD (ISI PROCEDURE)
• Required solutions for Mn analysis:
• Hydrochloric acid of specific gravity – 1.16
• Nitric acid (1:1) (v/v)
• Hydrofluoric acid (40%) (v/v)
• Sulphuric acid (5:95)
• Potassium bisulphate
• Zinc oxide – emulsion: free from impurities that may react with potassium
permanganate under conditions of analysis.
• Standard potassium permanganate (0.1N)

23. PROCEDURE FOR MN ESTIMATION:
• Take 2.5g of weighed sample nearest 0.1 mg in 250ml conical flask, and add 25 ml of conc. HCl and few drops of nitric acid and
heat, till most of the ore goes into solution.
• Filter through a medium texture filter paper, such as watman No. 40, wash the residue with HCl
• (1:1) (V/v) till all the orange stains are washed off and finally with hot water.
• Collect the filtrate and washings in a 250ml volumetric flask. Place the filter paper in a platinum
• crucible and incinerate the filter paper by gradual heating and ignite after cooling moisture the
• residue with a few drops of sulphuric acid (1:1) (V/v) and 10ml of hydrofluoric acid. Gently heat
• and volatile silica and sulphuric acid cool, fuse the residue with 2g of potassium bisulphate and
• extract with 25ml of HCl (1:1) (V/v) mix the filtrate already collected in 250ml volumetric flask
• and make up to 250ml in the volumetric flask and mix well, transfer 2.5ml of solution from the
• flask for each test.
• Collect the aliquot obtained above equivalent to 0.25g of the ore into one litre Erlenmeyer flask
• and boil to remove free chlorine. Dilute with hot water to about 600ml stirring the solution for a while, carefully in small portions
zinc oxide emulsion till there is a slight white ppt of zinc oxide at the bottom of the flask.

24. • Heat the solution in the flask to boiling and while rotating it vigorously, titrate with
the standard
• solution of potassium permanganate added in small portions. After adding each
portion shake
• contents of the flask 2 to 3 times. Place the flask obliquely on a support and observe
the colour
• of the supernatant liquid. After the appearance of pink tint, vigorously shake the
contents of the
• flask ones more (if the solution cooled down, heat it to a temperature of 90 to 95
degree C, if
• after heating the pink tint is retained, the first tentative titration may be considered
done.
• The second and more precise titration is carried by allowing to pore all at once, the
standard
• potassium permanganate up to quantity 0.5ml less than was established by the first

25. CALCULATIONS FOR MN ESTIMATION.
NOTE: All the samples collected in RC drilling has gone through chemical analysis and by th
of analysis borehole logs have been prepared using AutoCAD.

26. BOREHOLE LOGS.

27. Profile Section.

28. ORE RESERVE ESTIMATION.
• To take a cross section the first thing is x-axis will be the area and y-axis is contour
levels, and scale must be in same readings.
• In this mining area we took five sections named as 1-1’, 2-2’, 3-3’, 4-4’ and 5-5’
from MLB to MLB.
• The lowest contour in the 1-1’ section is 750 and highest contour is 940 then the
scale is 1:4000,
• 2-2’ having a lowest contour is 750 and highest is 910 then the Scale is 1:4000,
• 3-3’ having a lowest contour is 750 and highest is 900 then the Scale is 1:4000,
• 4-4’ having a lowest contour is 690 and highest is 840 then the Scale is 1:4000,
and
• 5-5’ lowest contour level is 700 and highest is 910 it shows the rugged terrain.
• In all this three sections PR is known as Proved deposits, the blue line represents
probable deposits, and the red line represents the ultimate pit line.
• After the predict of subsurface geology the next main thing is to estimate the ore this
requires a graphical data of the cross section and mathematical knowledge with all
these data the ore reserve estimation has been calculated.

29. • Proved reserve 111 .
Proved reserve is the total tonnage of ore presnt in the area and it is confirmed
tonnage by drilling exploration, this proved resrve can be exploit by proving
the presence of ore and quantity after getting the permission from IBM this
tonnage can be exploit for approved period of time.
• Probable reserve 122
It is assumed tonnage of ore by tracing the lithology and direction of rock
orientation this may be true or may not be it is a assumed quantity of ore this
can be help to make further exploration after complete exploit of proved
source then we can get the permission to geological investigation this is the 2nd
stage of exploration.
• Possible reserves 333.
This is the beginning stage of exploration this data is just assumption made
through basic exploration this data is mentioned as 333 stage of exploration
where the minerals are indicated with high concentration to go for further
investigations.

30. TENTATIVE IRON & Mn ORE RESERVE ESTIMATION OF NARAYANAPURA MINES, SANDUR, BALLARI
PROVED RESERVES 111
IRON ORE +45% Fe MANGANESE ORE WASTE
Sec- Area Influ Volume TF Quantity Area Influ Volume Recovery TF Quantity Area Influ Volume TF Quantity
tions sqm. Mtr in tonnes sqm. Mtr 40_% in tonnes sqm. Mtr in tonnes
1-1' 3710 345 1279950 3.0 3839850 1055 345
363975.
0 145590.0 2.5 363975 1003 345 346035.0 2.0 692070
2-2, 3092 350 1082200 3.0 3246600 0 350 0.0 0.0 2.5 0 1061 350 371350.0 2.0 742700
3-3, 2725 320 872000 3.0 2616000 0 320 0.0 0.0 2.5 0 1052 320 336640.0 2.0 673280
4-4' 376 335 125960 3.0 377880 0 335 0.0 0.0 2.5 0 26 335 8710.0 2.0 17420
5-5' 514 260 133640 3.0 400920 0 260 0.0 0.0 2.5 0 74 260 19240.0 2.0 38480
TOTAL 10481250 TOTAL 363975 TOTAL 2163950
PROBABLE RESERVES 122
IRON ORE +45% Fe MANGANESE ORE WASTE
Sec- Area Influ Volume TF Quantity Area Influ Volume Recovery TF Quantity Area Influ Volume TF Quantity
tions sqm. Mtr in tonnes sqm. Mtr 40_% in tonnes sqm. Mtr in tonnes
3-3, 519 320 166080 3.0 498240 0 320 0.0 0.0 2.5 0 315 320 100800.0 2.0 201600
4-4' 1666 335 558110 3.0 1674330 0 335 0.0 0.0 3.5 0 138 335 46230.0 2.0 92460
5-5' 2343 260 609180 3.0 1827540 0 260 0.0 0.0 4.5 0 604 260 157040.0 2.0 314080
TOTAL 4000110 TOTAL 0 TOTAL 608140
POSSIBLE RESERVES 333
IRON ORE +45% Fe MANGANESE ORE WASTE
Sec- Area Influ Volume TF Quantity Area Influ Volume Recovery TF Quantity Area Influ Volume TF Quantity
tions sqm. Mtr in tonnes sqm. Mtr 40_% in tonnes sqm. Mtr in tonnes
1-1' 0 345 0 3.0 0 544 345
187680.
0 75072.0 2.5 187680 290 345 100050.0 2.0 200100
3-3, 514 320 164480 3.0 493440 0 320 0.0 0.0 3.5 0 696 320 222720.0 2.0 445440
4-4' 869 335 291115 3.0 873345 0 335 0.0 0.0 4.5 0 198 335 66330.0 2.0 132660

31. CONCLUSION.
• The Sandur schist belt is mainly highlighted for its rich abundance of Iron ore and
Manganese ore.
• It covers a total area of about 960 Sq km, in which it includes six formations:
Vibhutigudda formation, Talur formation, Donimali formation, Deogiri formation,
Yashwantanagar formation and Ramanmala formation.
• The basin is characterized by well-developed mafic magmatism and strong
development of manganiferous greywacke, phyllite and numerous amount of Banded
hematite quartzite (BHQ).
• Geologically sandur schist belt is considered to have formed between Archean and
protorozoic period.
• Exploration carried out by using different geological such as pitting, trenching and
RC drilling.
• Sampling has done by using cone and quartering method and sampling reduction is

32. • Chemical analysis followed by using Indian Standard methodology, for Iron ore
analysis we used Stannous chloride method and for Manganese we used
volhard’s method and the results are Fe = 55.18% and Mn = 39.9%.
• All the analyzed samples are directly converted to borehole logs.
• Using geological cross-sections and borehole logs to prepare surface and
subsurface geology of the study area.
• Using profile cross-sections estimated the ore reserve present in the area as
proved, probable and possible reserve quantity of ores.
• Proved reserve (111) of Fe +45% is 10481250 tones and Mn is 363975 tones,
waste is 2163950 tones.
• Probable reserve (122) of Fe +45% is 400110 tones and Mn is 0 tones, waste is
608140 tones.
• Possible reserve (333) of Fe +45% is 1947885 tones and Mn is 187680 tones,
waste is 998160 tones.

33. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
• Manikyamba C. Balaram V and Naqvi S.M. Geochemical signatures of polygenetic origin of a banded
iron formation (BIF) of the Archaean Sandur greenstone belt (schist belt) Karnataka nucleus, India
National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad 500 007, India (Received April 25, 1991;
accepted after revision June 30, 1992)
• Abhinaba Roy, Biswas S. K. Metamorphic History of the Sandur Schist Belt, Karnataka
• Geology of Karnataka textbook by RadhaKrishna B P and vaidhyanathan R
• M S Krishnan, Introduction to geology of India (volume 1 and 2), geological society of India Bangalore
2010
• Swapan haldar, Mineral exploration: Principle and application second edition, Pp 156- 160
• Geology and mineral resource of the states of India by GSI, Vol 1. Year 2010
• Mahesh C. Swami, H. M. Jayasheela, and Sreenivasa A. Geochemistry and Ore Distribution Pattern of
the Manganese Ores of Sandur Area, Karnataka
• B.S. Venkatachala, Manoj Shukla, Mukund Sharma, Naqvi S.M., Srinivasan R. and B. Udairaj Archean
microbiota from the Donimalai Formation, Dharwar Supergroup, India ,punblished by National
Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal (India) (Received April 10, 1989; revised and accepted August
29, 1989 )
• Arora M.. Govil P. K Charan S. N., Uday Raj. Balaram, B V And Manikyamba C. Geochemistry and origin