The document provides information about nutrition in plants for class 7 students. It begins by defining nutrients as the components of food, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. It then explains the two main modes of nutrition: autotrophic nutrition, where plants make their own food, and heterotrophic nutrition, where animals obtain food from other organisms. The document focuses on autotrophic nutrition in plants and describes how photosynthesis is the process by which plants use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen in their leaves.

1. FOR CLASS VII
(Based upon NCERT & CBSE Syllabus)
NUTRITION
IN PLANTS
Compiled and Designed
By: Shekhar Singh
JNV Mainpuri

2. NUTRITION(पोषण)
IN PLANTS
Topic 1:Introduction

3. COMPONENTS OF FOOD
 In Class VI you learnt that food is essential(आवश्यक) for all living
organisms.
 You also learnt that food has following Components (घटक या भाग)
 1-Carbohydrates
 2-Proteins
 3-Fats (वसा)
 4-Vitamins
 5-Minerals (खनिज लवण)
 6-Roughage (रुक्ाांश या आहारी रेशे)
 7-Water

4. WHAT IS NUTRIENTS (पोषक)
 Components (घटक) of food are called nutrients
(पोषक तत्व या पोषक)
 So the we take following Nutrients in our food
 1-Carbohydrates
 2-Proteins
 3-Fats (वसा)
 4-Vitamins
 5-Minerals (खनिज लवण)
 6-Water
Note: We can not called
Roughage a nutrient because
it is not digested (पचता
िहीहै)in our body. It only helps
us to get rid (छ
ु टकारा पािा) of
undigested (बििा पचा) food.

5. FUNCTION OF NUTRIENTS
 The Nutrients enable living organisms
 To build their bodies (शरीर का निर्ााण) [Mainly
Proteins]
 To grow [Proteins, Vitamins and Minerals]
 to repair(र्रम्र्त करिा) damaged parts of their bodies
[Proteins, Vitamins and Minerals]
 Provide the energy to carry out life processes (जीवि
की क्रियाएां) [Carbohydrates and Fats]
 To protect from diseases and keep us healthy
[Vitamins and Minerals]

6. NUTRITION(पोषण)
IN PLANTS
Topic 2:Mode (ढांग) of
Nutrition in Plants

7. HOW LIVING ORGANISMS GET
FOOD ?
 All living organisms require food.
 Plants can make their food themselves but
animals including humans cannot
 So from where Animals do take Food
 They get it from plants or animals that eat
plants.
 Thus, humans and animals are directly (सीधे रूप से
)or indirectly( परोक् रूप से) dependent on plants.

8. WHAT IS NUTRITION (पोषण)?
 The mode (ढांग) of taking food by an
organism and its utilization (उपयोग)by the
body is called Nutrition
 Two steps are included in Nutrition
 1-Mode (ढांग) of taking food by an Organisms
 2- Its utilization (उपयोग) by body of an
Organisms

9. MODES (ढांग) OF NUTRITION IN
ORGANISMS
There are two modes of
Nutrition in Organisms
 1- Autotrophic Nutrition
(स्वपोषण)
2- Heterotrophic
Nutrition (ववषर्पोषण)

10. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (स्वपोषण)
 The mode (ढांग) of nutrition in
which organisms make food
themselves (अपिे आप) from
simple substances is called
autotrophic Nutrition
 Auto = Self= अपिे आप; Trophos
= nourishment= Nutrition=पोषण
 Therefore, plants are called
autotrophs (स्वपोषी)

11. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
 The mode (ढांग) of nutrition in which
Animals and most other Organisms take in
ready made food prepared by the plants, is
Called Heterotrophic nutrition
 Animals and most other organisms who
take in their food from Plants, are called
heterotrophs.
 Hetero = Other; Trophos = Nourishment=
Nutrition=पोषण
 Note: Along with Animals few plants are
also Heterotrophs

12. SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
ABOUT PLANTS
 Where the food factories of plants are located?
 Whether food is made in all parts of a plant or
only in certain parts?
 How do plants obtain the raw materials from the
surroundings?
 How do they transport them to the food factories
of the plants?
We shall Answer these questions in next slides

13. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION IN
PLANTS
 Plants are the only organisms that can
prepare food for themselves by using
 Water (From Soil)
 carbon dioxide (From Atmosphere)
and
 Minerals (Along with water).
 Thus these three raw materials are
present in their surroundings.

14. WHY WE CAN’T MAKE FOOD LIKE
PLANTS
Ans: This is because we don't
have Chlorophyll, which is
present in Leaves or other
green parts of Plants

15. HOMEWORK
 Difference between
Autotrophic and
Heterotrophic
Nutrition
 How do plants
obtain the raw
materials from the
surroundings?

16. NUTRITION(पोषण)
IN PLANTS
Topic 3: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
— FOOD MAKING PROCESS
IN PLANTS

17. WHAT IS CELL(कोशशका)
 You have seen that buildings are made of bricks (ईंटों)
Similarly, the bodies of living organisms are made of
tiny units called Cells.
 Cells can be seen only under the Microscope.
 Some organisms are made of only one cell.
 The cell is enclosed (िन्द) by a thin outer boundary,
called the Cell Membrane (कोशिका झिल्ली).
 Most cells have a distinct (ववशेष), centrally located
spherical (गोलाकार) structure called the Nucleus
(क
ें द्रक)
 The nucleus is surrounded by a jelly-like substance
called Cytoplasm (कोशिका द्रव्य)
A CELL
Extra Knowledge

18. CELL WALL(कोशशका शभवि) IN
PLANTS
In plant Cell an
extra covering is
present outside
Cell membrane
called Cell wall PLANT
CELL
Extra Knowledge

19. LEAF: PLANT’S FOOD FACTORY
Leaves are the food
factories of plants.
The synthesis(निर्ााण)
of food in plants occurs
in leaves.
Therefore, all the raw
materials must reach
there

20. HOW RAW MATERIAL REACHES UPTO LEAF
 Water and minerals present in
the soil are absorbed by the
roots and transported to the
leaves.
 Carbon dioxide from air is
taken in through the tiny
pores (छेद) present on the
surface of the leaves Called
Stomata or stoma (रांध्र)
+ Minerals

21. HOW WATER AND MINIRALS REACHES TO LEAF ?
 Water and minerals are transported to the
leaves by the vessels(वाहहिी)which run like pipes
throughout(होकर) the root, the stem, the
branches and the leaves.
 These pipe-like structures are called ‘XYLEM’
 They form a continuous(लगातार) path or passage
for the nutrients to reach the leaf.
 You will learn about transport of materials in
plants in Chapter ‘Transportation in Animals and
Plants’
XYLEM

22. HOW CO2 REACHES TO THE LEAVES
 Carbon dioxide from air is
taken in through the tiny
pores (छेद) present on the
surface of the leaves.
 These pores are surrounded
(घिरा हुआ)by ‘guard
cells(द्वारकोशिकायों)’.
 Such pores are called
stomata or Stoma (रंध्र)
(रांध्री द्वार)
(पिी की काट)
(द्वारकोशशकायें)

23. HOMEWORK Date: 18/07/2020
Q1: Answer Paheli’s Doubt in about 30 words
Q2 Find out the name of Plant in which Stem performs the
function of Photosynthesis and not leaves? Draw the
diagram also.

24. SOLUTION TO PAHELI’S DOUBT
The leaves have a green
pigment(वणाक)called
chlorophyll. Due to the
presence of Chlorophyll,
Leaves can synthesize
their own food.

25. FUNCTION OF CHLOROPHYLL
 Chlorophyll is a green Coloured
pigment
 Naturally Coloured substances
are Called Pigment
 Chlorophyll helps leaves to
capture the energy of the
sunlight.
 This energy is used to synthesize
(prepare) food from carbon
dioxide and water.

26. WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 The Synthesis (निर्ााण) of Food by
plants in the presence of sunlight, is
called photosynthesis
 Photo=light; Synthesis=to
combine=निर्ााण.
 So we find that chlorophyll, sunlight,
carbon dioxide and water are
necessary to carry out the process of
photosynthesis.
 It is a unique process on the earth.

27. WHAT IS ULTIMATE(चरर्) SOURCE OF
ENERGY ON EARTH ?
 The solar energy is
captured (पकड़िा) by the
leaves and stored in the
plant in the form of food.
 Thus, sun is the ultimate
source of energy for all
living organisms.
 Can you imagine the earth
in the absence of
photosynthesis!

28. EQUATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
NOTE: Both Glucose and Starch are forms Of
Carbohydrates
Carbon dioxide+ Water Glucose+ Oxygen
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Starch(मंड)
(CO2) (H2O) (O2)

29. PROCESS(प्रक्रिया)
OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
During photosynthesis, chlorophyll containing cells of
leaves, in the presence of sunlight, use carbon dioxide
and water to synthesize (निर्ााण करिा) carbohydrates.
Name of the First carbohydrate formed is Glucose,
but it ultimately(अांत र्ें) get converted into starch. The
starch is also a carbohydrate.
The presence of starch in leaves indicates(दशााता है)
the occurrence of photosynthesis.
During the process oxygen is released, Which is useful
for all living Organisms

30. IMPORTANCE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
In the absence of photosynthesis
there would not be any plants.
The survival of almost all living organisms directly
or indirectly depends upon the food made by the
plants. So no life would be possible.
Besides(इसक
े अलावा) oxygen which is essential
(आवश्यक)for the survival of all living organisms is
produced during photosynthesis.
In the absence of photosynthesis, life would
be impossible on the earth, We can not
imagine life without it

31. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN OTHER
PARTS OF PLANTS
 Besides leaves, photosynthesis also
takes place in other green parts of the
plant — in green stems and green
branches.
 The desert plants have scale leaves
(छोटी और कटी हुई) or spine-like
(काांटेदार) leaves to reduce loss of water
by transpiration. These plants have
green stems which carry out
photosynthesis.
Spine Like Leaves
Scale like leaves

32. HOMEWORK
Q: Answer Boojho’s question in about 30 words
If your answer is yes than mention how? If no, then tell
why?

33. IODINE TEST FOR
STARCH(र्ांड)
 we take food to be tested in
a test tube
 We make a powder or paste
of it
 Then we add few drops of
Iodine Solution
 If starch is present in Food,
then BLUE OR BLACK
COLOUR is seen
 This is a test for starch
RECAP
Original Colour of
Iodine Solution
No
starch
present
Starch
Present

34. RECAP
Leaf Spirit Test Tube Burner
Beaker with Water Watch Glass Iodine Solution

35. HOW TO TEST LEAF WITH IODINE
 Take a leaf in a test tube
 Pour (उडेलिा )spirit in test tube
 Keep leaf Completely inside spirit
 Now, place the test tube in a beaker
half filled with water
 Heat the beaker till all the green colour
from the leaf comes out into the spirit in
the test tube
 Take out the leaf carefully and wash it
in water
 Place it on a watch glass and pour some
iodine solution over it
RECAP

36. RESULT OF IODINE TEST
We will Find that leaf turns into
BLUE BLACK as shown in figure
RECAP

37. HOMEWORK
 Why the leaf need to be
heated in spirit or Alcohol
before iodine test?
 Why we heat the test tube
containing spirit/Alcohol, by
keeping in water?
 Revise the lesson taught so
far.

38. Why the leaf need to be heated in spirit
or Alcohol before iodine test?
 Leaf need to be heated in spirit or Alcohol before iodine
test to remove the Green Colour of the leaf and to make it
white.
 This is done because Green Colour of the leaf Masks(ढकिा)
the Blue Black Colour which appear in Iodine test
 We Know that Green Colour of Leaf is due to presence of
Chlorophyll
 Chlorophyll is DOES NOT dissolve (िहीां घुलता है) in water but
dissolves in Spirit Or Alcohol(On heating)
 So leaf is heated in Spirit/Alcohol to make it white, by
removing Chlorophyll
 By doing so we can notice the Colour change in Iodine test

39. Why we heat the test tube containing
spirit/Alcohol, by keeping in water?
 Solution to this Question is very
simple
 Spirit or Alcohol is very
inflammable(ज्वलिशील), and it may
catch fire on direct heating
 So we heat the test tube containing
spirit/Alcohol, by keeping in water

40. ACTIVITY TO PROVE THAT LEAF MAKE
STARCH ONLY IN PRESENCE OF SUNLIGHT
 Take two potted plants of the same kind.
 Keep one in the dark (or in a black box) for 72 hours
and the other in the sunlight.
 Perform iodine test with the leaves of both the
plants
 Record your results.
 Now leave the pot which was earlier kept in the
dark, in the sunlight for 3 – 4 days and perform the
iodine test again on its leaves.
 Record your observations in your notebook

41. RESULTS OF PREVIOUS ACTIVITY
Sample 1 Sample 2
LEAF MAKE STARCH ONLY IN
PRESENCE OF SUNLIGHT

42. LEAVES OF COLOUR OTHER THAN GREEN

43. LEAVES OF
COLOUR OTHER
THAN GREEN
 The leaves other than green also
have chlorophyll.
 The large amount of red, brown and
other pigments mask (ढकिा) the
green colour.
 Photosynthesis takes place in these
leaves also
Note: Naturally Coloured substances
are Called Pigment

44. ALGAE (शैवाल)
 We often (अक्सर)see slimy(चचपचचपे)
green patches(धब्िे) in ponds or in other
stagnant (ठहरा हुआ) water bodies
 Sometimes they also grow in Moist
(िर्ीयुक्त) walls
 These are generally formed by the
growth of organisms called algae.
 Can you guess why algae are green in
colour?
 They contain chlorophyll which gives
them the green colour.
 Algae can also prepare their own food by
photosynthesis

45. SYNTHESIS OF PLANT FOOD
OTHER THAN CARBOHYDRATES
 You have just learnt that plants synthesize (निर्ााण
करते हे) carbohydrates through the process of
photosynthesis
 The carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
 These are used to synthesize other components of
food such as Fats and Proteins
 The Fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
 The Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
and NITROGEN
 So proteins are nitrogenous substances which contain
nitrogen. From where do the plants obtain nitrogen?

46. FROM WHERE DO THE PLANTS
OBTAIN NITROGEN?
 Some Plants take Nitrogen with the
help of some Bacteria present in the
soil, They are called NITROGEN FIXING
BACTERIA
 We add nitrogen in plants by giving
Fertilizers(उवारक) to Plants
 Few Plants take their nitrogen from
Insects(कीट) by Killing them, They are
called Insectivorous (कीटभक्ी) plants
There are several ways of taking
Nitrogen by Plants, Some of them are
Fertilizer
Nitrogen Fixing
Bacteria
An Insectivorous
Plant

47. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA
 Recall(याद कररए) that nitrogen is present in abundance
(काफी र्ात्रा र्ें) in gaseous form in the air.
 However, plants CANNOT ABSORB (सोखना) NITROGEN in
this form
 This is because Nitrogen gas is NOT Soluble (िुलनिील) in
water
 Soil has certain bacteria that convert (िदलिा)gaseous
nitrogen into a soluble and usable form( िुलनिील और
प्रयोग करने योग्य रूप) and release (छोड़ते हैं) it into the soil.
 This is Called ‘NITROGEN FIXING’
 These soluble forms are absorbed by the plants along with
water
 These soluble forms of Nitrogen used to make PROTEINS
Nitrogen Fixing
Bacteria

48. NITROGEN GIVEN TO
PLANTS BY FERTILIZERS
(उवारक)
You might have seen farmers
adding fertilizers, rich in
nitrogen to the soil.
In this way the plants fulfil
(पूरा करिा) their
requirements(ज़रूरत) of
nitrogen along with the other
Minerals(खनिज लवण).

49. SOME PLANTS TAKE NITROGEN BY EATING
INSECTS
You will Study these plants later in this Chapter
Pitcher Plant Sundew Plant

50. HOMEWORK
Fill in the blanks:
 (a) Green plants are called _________________ since they synthesize their
own food.
 (b) The food synthesized by the plants is stored as _________________.
 (c) In photosynthesis solar energy is captured by the pigment called
___________.
 (d) During photosynthesis plants take in ______________________ and
release _________________

51. NUTRITION(पोषण)
IN PLANTS
Topic 4: HETEROTROPHIC
MODES OF NUTRITION IN
PLANTS

52. HETEROTRPHIC PLANTS
There are some plants which do not have
chlorophyll*
They cannot synthesize their food
How do they survive and from where do
they derive(प्राप्त करिा) nutrition?
Like humans and animals such plants
depend on the food produced by other
plants
They use the heterotrophic mode of
nutrition
* Some Plants are partially (अधूरे रूप से) Heterotrophs
For Example-Picher Plants. They may have
Chlorophyll

53. MODES OF HETEROTROPHIC NURITION IN
PLANTS
 Parasitic Mode (परजीवी प्रणाली) Of Nutrition – Plants with this
Mode Called Parasitic Plants (परजीवी पौधे) or Parasites (परजीवी)
 Insectivorous Mode (कीटभक्षी प्रणाली) of Nutrition- Plants
with this Mode Called Insectivorous Plants (कीटभक्ी पौधे)
 Saprotrophic Mode (मृतजीवी प्रणाली) of Nutrition-Plants with
this Mode Called Saprotrophs (र्ृतजीवी)
There can be Following Modes (ढांग या प्रणाली) of HETEROTROPHIC Nutrition in Plants

54. WHAT ARE PARASITES IN ANIMALS
AND PLANTS
 Note that Parasitic Mode is not just
related to Plants, Many Animals are also
Parasites
 A parasite (परजीवी) is an organism that
lives on or in (शरीर क
े अांदर या ऊपर) a host
(परपोषी) organism and gets its food by
causing harm or loss to the all.
 A parasite always deprives (वांचचत करिा)
the host of valuable (कीर्ती या दुलाभ)
nutrients
Extra Knowledge
Cuscuta (अर्रिेल)
Leech(जोंक)

55. TYPES OF PARASITES IN ANIMALS
AND PLANTS
 Parasites can be of Two
types
1- Total Parasite( सांपूणा
या पूरा परजीवी)
 2- Partial Parasite (आांशशक
या अधूरा परजीवी)
Extra Knowledge
Cuscuta (अर्रिेल)
Leech(जोंक)

56. TOTAL PARASITE
 Total Parasite-A total Parasite lives in or on
the body of the host for whole life(पूरा जीवि)
or a major part of their life (जीवि का अचधकाांश
भाग).
 They generally can not live Outside Host body.
 Example: 1-Cuscuta(अर्रिेल) in Plants
 2-Tapeworm (फीताकृ शर्) in Animals
Extra Knowledge
Cuscuta
Tapeworms

57. PARTIAL PARASITE (आांशशक या अधूरा
परजीवी
 A parasite can be called Partial parasite for
any of the two cases or for both cases
 Case1: If it lives in or on the body of Host only
for some part of its life (May be for few
seconds also) E.g.: Mosquito, Leech (जोंक) Etc.
 Case 2: If it is depending upon the host only
for few things or nutrients. Rest(िाकी) it can
manage itself E.g. : Mistletoe Plant (िांडा का
पौधा) , Mosquito Etc.
Extra Knowledge
Mistletoe Plant
Mosquito

58. Are we and the other animals
also parasites for the plants?
 No, we and Other Animals are NOT parasites on Plants
because of two reasons
 First Reason: we DO NOT LIVE inside or On the Plants
(शरीर क
े अांदर या ऊपर)
 Second region: A parasite does not kill the host but
keep on Harming (िुकसाि पहुांचािा) it slowly by using its
Nutrients, But we take the food from plant by Killing
them (or their parts) suddenly, so we are not Parasites
on them.
 But still we are dependent on plants
 So we are heterotrophs, but not Parasites

59. PAHELI’S DOUBT AND ANSWER
1-Bed bugs=खटर्ल
2-Lice= जुएां
3-Leech=जोंक
Answer-Yes all of them are Parasites but they all are Partial actually
Parasites as they are not totally dependent upon Host and can live
outside the body of the Host
Bed Bug
Lice
Leech

60. Topic 4: HETEROTROPHIC MODES OF
NUTRITION IN PLANTS CONTINUED…

61. 1-CUSCUTA (AMARBEL)
 We Often (अक्सर) see yellow tubular(िलीदार)
structures twining (लपेटा हुआ)around the stem
and branches of a tree?
 It has yellow, slender and tubular stem (पीला
दुिला और िलीदार तिे वाला)
 This is a plant called Cucuta (Amarbel).
 It does not have chlorophyll
 It takes readymade food from the plant on which
it is climbing
 The plant on which it climbs is called a host
 Since it host deprives (वांचचत करिा) the host of
valuable (कीर्ती या दुलाभ) nutrients, it is called a
parasite
 It is an Example of Total Parasite among Plant
Parasites

62. 2-MISTLETOE PLANT (िांडा का पौधा)
 Mistletoe Plant is an example of Partial
Parasite among Plant Parasites
 This Plant does not have any contact with
the soil
 It grows on branch of Host tree
 But it depends upon the Host for Water and
Minerals Only
 It is green and has Chlorophyll to prepare
its Food by Photosynthesis

63. Topic 4: HETEROTROPHIC MODES OF
NUTRITION IN PLANTS CONTINUED…

64. PITCHER PLANT (घटपणी पौधा)
 Have you seen or heard of plants that can eat animals?
 There are a few plants which can trap (फ
ँ सािा) insects
and digest them.
 Is it not amazing(अद्भुत)?
 Such plants may be green or of some other Colour.
 The pitcher(घड़ा) -like structure is the modified
(पररवनतात) part of the leaf
 It is an Adaptation (अिुक
ू लि) to survive(जीववत रहिा )in
a soil which has no or very less Nitrogen

65. PITCHER PLANT (घटपणी पौधा) Contd..
 The apex(शसरा) of the leaf
forms a lid (ढक्कि)
 This lid which can open
and close the mouth of the
pitcher.
 Inside the pitcher there
are hair which are directed
downwards (िीचे की हदशा
र्ें जाते हैं).
This is
Leaf
Apex

66. HOW INSECTS ENTER IN
PITCHER
 When an insect lands (िैठता है) in the
pitcher the lid closes
 Now the trapped (फ
ां सा हुआ ) insect
gets entangled (उलझ जािा)into the
hair.
 The insect is digested by the digestive
juices (पाचक रस) secreted(छोड़े जाते
हैं) in the pitcher.
 Such insect-eating plants are called
insectivorous plants.

67. WHY PITCHER PLANTS
TRAPS INSECTS ?
 Is it possible that such plants do
not get all the required
(आवश्यक) nutrients from the soil
in which they grow?
 No, they do not get Nitrogen
from soil
 Nitrogen is taken from Insects
and uses to make Protein

68. SUNDEW PLANT

70. Topic 4: HETEROTROPHIC MODES OF
NUTRITION IN PLANTS CONTINUED…
(मृतजीवी प्रणाली)

71. SAPROTROPHS
(मृतजीवी)
 You might have seen packets of
mushrooms sold in the vegetable
market.
 You may have also seen fluffy
(रोएँदार) umbrella-like patches(टुकड़े)
growing on rotting wood(सड़ी हुई
लकड़ी) during the rainy season.
 Let us find out what type of
nutrients they need to survive(जीवि
क
े शलए) and from where they get
them in coming slides
 Saprotrophs are commonly called
Fungi (कवक)

72. CAN YOU CLEAR BOOJHOO’S
DOUBT?
Let's See the Solution in
coming Slides..

73. HOW TO OBSERVE
FUNGI IN BREAD
 Take a piece of bread and moisten it
with water.
 Leave it in a moist (गीला करिा)warm
place for 2–3 days or until fluffy
patches (रोएँदार धब्िे) appear on them
 These patches may be white, green,
brown or of any other Colour.
 Observe the patches
Continued in next slide…

74. OBSERVATION
 Most probably (िहुत सम्भाविा
है), you will see cotton-like
threads spread on the piece of
breads under a microscope or
a magnifying glass
 Write down your observations
in your notebook.
 These organisms are called
fungi (कवक)

75.  Fungi have a different mode of nutrition.
 They secrete (छोड़ते है) digestive juices (पाचक रस) on the dead and decaying
matter(र्रे और सड़े पदार्थोंपर) and convert it into a solution (और उसे घोल र्ें िदलते
हैं).
 Then they absorb the nutrients from it
 They don’t have mouth, so they use their body surface to take food
 This mode of nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients in solution(घोल) form
from dead and decaying matter is called saprotrophic nutrition(र्ृतजीवी पोषण)
 Plants which use saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprotrophs (र्ृतजीवी)

76. FUNGI (कवक) Contd..
 Fungi also grow on pickles(अचार), leather (अचार), clothes and other
articles(वस्तुयें) that are left in hot and humid (गर्ा और िर्ीयुक्त)weather for
long time.
 So Fungi love hot and humid (गर्ा और िर्ीयुक्त)weather
 During the rainy season they spoil(खराि करिा) many things.
 You can ask your parents about the menace (खतरा) of fungi in your house

77. CAN YOU ANSWER PAHELI’S QUESTION?
To answer this question we need to know how Fungi
reproduce..

78. FUNGAL SPORES
 During Rainy season Fungi make a
lot of Spores
 Spores can be called as seed of
fungi
 The fungal spores are generally
present in the air.
 When they land on wet and warm
things they germinate and grow.
 Now, can you figure out (tell) how
we can protect our things from
getting spoiled?

79. FUNGI USEFUL AS WELL AS HARMFUL
We will know more about this in Coming Slides..
NOTE: Fungus is Singular, and Fungi is Plural

80. Rust of wheat
(गेंहू की जांग)
Fungi cause many Plant diseases, Most common is ‘Rust of Wheat’
FUNGAL DISEASES IN
PLANTS

81. Ringworm(दाद)
in Animals
Fungi cause many Animal diseases, One example is Ringworm in Animals
FUNGAL DISEASES IN
ANIMALS

82. Ringworm(दाद)
in Humans
Fungi cause many Human diseases, examples are ringworm and Prickly Heat
FUNGAL DISEASES IN
HUMANS
Prickly Heat(घर्ौरी)
in Humans

83. USES OF FUNGI
 Yeast (ख़र्ीर)is a fungi made of only one
cell. Yeast is used to make Bakery items
such as Bread, cakes, Pastries Etc.
 Yeast is also used to make Alcohol which is
used to make wine, Whisky Etc.
 Some Mushrooms is used as Food.
Mushrooms are rich source of Vitamin B,
Fibres and some Minerals
 Some Fungi are used to make medicines.
 For example Penicillium is a Fungi used in
making a medicine called Penicillin, which
is used in treatment of Pneumonia and
other diseases.
Yeast (Seen by
Microscope)
Penicillium
Mushroom

84. SOME YEAST
PRODUCTS

85. HOMEWORK
Q 1 : how we can protect our things
from getting spoiled खराि होिा By
Fungi? Answer in 25-30 Words.
Q2: Find on the Internet, How
bread and other products are
made. Send the screenshot of the
website or U tube video seen by
You

86. NUTRITION(पोषण)
IN PLANTS
Topic 5:SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIP(सहजीवी सम्िन्ध)

87. SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
(सहजीवी सम्िन्ध)
 Some organisms live together
and share shelter(शरण) and
nutrients
 This type of relationship is
called symbiotic relationship
 In symbiotic relationship both
partners are benefitted (फायदा
पहुांचिा)

88. EXAMPLES OF SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIP
 (A) Alga1 + Fungus2= Lichen
(लाइक
े ि)
 (B) Leguminous plant(फलीदार
पौधे)+ Rhizobium bacteria
 (C) Plant root+ Fungi=Mycorrhiza
1-Singular of Algae
2-Singular of Fungi
A
B
C

89. A-Lichen (लाइक
े ि)
 In organisms called lichens, A
chlorophyll-containing partner,
which is an alga, and a fungus live
together.
 The fungus provides shelter, water
and minerals to the alga
 In return, the alga provides food
which it prepares by
photosynthesis.
 In this way both are benefitted.

90. B-Leguminous plant
and Rhizobium bacteria
 Rhizobium bacteria if found in the roots
of some special plants called Leguminous
plants or Legume plants (फलीदार पौधे)
 Rhizobium bacteria help these plants in
taking nitrogen in soluble form
 In return these plants provide food and
shelter to rhizobium
 Details of this relationship you will study
in next topic

91. C- MYCORHIZZA
 Certain fungi live in the roots of trees.
 The tree provides nutrients to the
fungus by the food prepared by
photosynthesis
 Fungus, in return, help the plant to take
up water and nutrients from the soil
 This is because Fungal roots go deeper
into the soil
 This association (सांचध) is very important
for the tree.

92. NUTRITION(पोषण)
IN PLANTS
Topic 6:HOW NUTRIENTS ARE
REPLENISHED (पुिःपूनता होिा) IN
THE SOIL

93. WHY NUTRIENTS DECREASES WITH TIME
 Have you seen farmers spreading manure (खाद) or fertilizers उवार) in
the fields, or gardeners (र्ाली) using them in lawns or in pots (गर्लों)?
 Do you know why they are added to the soil?
 You learnt that plants absorb mineral nutrients from the soil.
 So, their amounts in the soil keep on declining (कर् होता जाता है).
 Fertilizers and manures contain plant nutrients such as nitrogen,
potassium, phosphorous etc.
 These nutrients need to be added from time to time to enrich(उपजाऊ
ििािा) the soil.
 We can grow plants and keep them healthy if we can find out the
nutrient requirement (पोषक की जरुरत)is a of plants
Fertilizer
Manure

94. SYNTHESIS OF PLANT FOOD
OTHER THAN CARBOHYDRATES
 You have just learnt that plants synthesize (निर्ााण
करते हे) carbohydrates through the process of
photosynthesis
 The carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
 These are used to synthesize other components of
food such as Fats and Proteins
 The Fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
 The Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
and NITROGEN
 So proteins are nitrogenous substances which contain
nitrogen. From where do the plants obtain Nitrogen?
RECAP OF SLIDE
NO 46

95. FROM WHERE DO THE PLANTS
OBTAIN NITROGEN?
 Some Plants take Nitrogen with the
help of some Bacteria present in the
soil, They are called NITROGEN FIXING
BACTERIA
 We add nitrogen in plants by giving
Fertilizers(उवारक) to Plants
 Few Plants take their nitrogen from
Insects(कीट) by Killing them, They are
called Insectivorous (कीटभक्ी) plants
There are several ways of taking
Nitrogen by Plants, Some of them are
Fertilizer
Nitrogen Fixing
Bacteria
An Insectivorous
Plant
RECAP OF SLIDE
NO 47

96. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA
 Recall(याद कररए) that nitrogen is present in abundance
(काफी र्ात्रा र्ें) in gaseous form in the air.
 However, plants CANNOT ABSORB (सोखना) NITROGEN in
this form
 This is because Nitrogen gas is NOT Soluble (िुलनिील) in
water
 Soil has certain bacteria that convert (िदलिा)gaseous
nitrogen into a soluble and usable form( िुलनिील और
प्रयोग करने योग्य रूप) and release (छोड़ते हैं) it into the soil.
 This is Called ‘NITROGEN FIXING’
 These soluble forms are absorbed by the plants along with
water
 These soluble forms of Nitrogen used to make PROTEINS
Nitrogen Fixing
Bacteria
RECAP OF SLIDE
NO 48

97. WHAT ARE
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
(फलीदार पौधे) ?
 Roots of some plants have round swollen
structures (गोल फ
ू ली हुई सांरचिाएँ) called Root
nodules (फली या गाँठ)
 Such plants are called Leguminous plants or
Legume plants
 Example of such plants are Gram (चिा), Pea,
Moong, Beans (सेर्), Most of pulses अचधकतर
दालें etc.
 In root nodules of such plants a bacteria
called Rhizobium lives, as already said

98. WHAT RHIZOBOUM DO
FOR LEGUME PLANTS ?
 Usually crops require a lot of nitrogen to make
proteins.
 After the harvest, the soil becomes deficient in
nitrogen.
 Though nitrogen gas is available in plenty (प्रचुर
र्ात्रा र्ें) in the air, plants cannot use it in the
manner they can use carbon dioxide.
 They need nitrogen in a soluble form.
 The bacterium called Rhizobium can take
atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a soluble
form.

99. IN RETURN WHAT PLANTS DO FOR
RHIZOBIUM ?
 Rhizobium can make nitrogen soluble for plants but
cannot make its own food.
 So it lives in the roots of gram, peas, moong beans,
most pulses and other legumes and provides them with
nitrogen.
 In return, the plants provide food and shelter(शरण) to
the bacteria.
 They have a symbiotic relationship (सहजीवी सम्िन्ध).
 This association (सांचध) is of great significance
(लाभदायक) for the farmers.
 They do not need to add nitrogen fertilizer to the soil
in which leguminous plants are grown

100. CONCLUSION
 In this chapter you learnt that most of the plants are autotrophs.
 Only a few plants adopt other modes of nutrition like parasitic and
saprotrophic.
 They derive (प्राप्त करते हैं) nutrition from other organisms.
 All animals are categorized as heterotrophs since they depend on plants and
other animals for food.
 Can we say that the insectivorous plants are partial (अधूरे) heterotrophs?

101. THIS CHAPTER IS COMPLETED
 Revise the lesson Carefully
 Complete all pending homework and other works
in your copy and send me pics of that by
email/WhatsApp
 Complete NCERT questions including Keywords in
next 2days (HOMEWORK)
 Soon there will be Online Quiz from this Chapter