The document discusses the packaging of glass and porcelain products. It defines glass as an inorganic, typically brittle and transparent solid formed by cooling molten materials without crystallizing. Porcelain is defined as a hard, white ceramic made from fired clay. The manufacturing processes for glass and porcelain are described involving weighing, mixing, and firing raw materials like sand, soda ash, limestone for glass and clay, feldspar, silica for porcelain. Common types of glass and their applications in industries are provided. The properties, packaging materials, and label information for glass and porcelain products are summarized along with case studies of packaging different glass items.
4. CONTENTS
DEFINITION
RAW MATERIALS USED
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
APPLICATION INDUSTRIES
PROPERTIES
PACKAGING & TESTING
PRODUCTS & ITS CHARACTERISTICS
5. GLASS:
An INORGANIC PRODUCT of fusion
Cooled through its GLASS TRANSITION
Without crystallizing
An amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material
Typically brittle
Optically transparent
DEFINITION
6. DEFINITION
PORCELAIN:
A hard, white, translucent ceramic
Made by firing a pure CLAY
Glazed with variously colored fusible materials
11. TYPES OF GLASS
USP TYPE I BOROSILICATE GLASS
USP TYPE II DE-ALKALIZED SODA-LIME GLASS
USP TYPE III SODA-LIME GLASS
USP TYPE NP SODA-LIME GLASS
12. TYPES OF GLASS
USP Type I Borosilicate glass
- Neutral glass
- Least reactive glass
13. TYPES OF GLASS
USP Type II:
De-alkalized Soda-lime glass
○Sodium hydroxide & calcium oxide
○Alkali resistant
14. TYPES OF GLASS
USP Type III:
SODA LIME GLASS
- Liquid formulations
- Dry Powders
15. TYPES OF GLASS
USP Type NP:
SODA LIME GLASS
- Capsules & tablets
- Lab Apparatus
16. COLOUR OF GLASS
Carbon & Sulphur or Iron & Manganese dioxide
Cadmium & Sulphur Compounds
Cobalt or Cupric Oxide
Iron, manganese, chromium oxides
Fluorides & Phosphates
Manganese
Cuprous or Cupric Oxide
Iron Oxide
Chromic Oxide
Amber
Yellow
Blue
Green
Opal
Violet
Red
Black
Yellow Green
19. RAW MATERIALS
CLAY – MAIN INGREDIENT
FELDSPAR OR FLINT
SILICA
COMPOUNDS OF
AL ,OXYGEN & SOAP STONE
20. MANUFACTURING OF PORCELAIN
CRUSHING THE RAW
MATERIALS
CLEANING AND MIXING
FORMING THE BODY
BISQUE-FIRING
GLAZING
FIRING
FORMED PRODUCT
23. PROPERTIES OF GLASS
Transparent
Chemically inert - Compatible with majority of
pharmaceutical formulations, food products, cosmetics
Non-permeable to gas, moisture and odour
Moldable - Any shape, size as desired
Can be sterilized
100 % recyclable (environment friendly)
No need of protective coating inside
Do not deteriorate, stain, fade or corrode
Ideal for high speed filling /capping / labeling machines
Brittle/ Fragile
Heavy
24. PROPERTIES OF PORCELAIN
Opaque
Chemically inert
Moldable - Any shape, size as desired
Can withstand High Temperature
Refractory
Tough & Durable
Stain & Water Resistant
Scratch resistant
Non Conductor of Electricity
Brittle/ Fragile
27. CFB BOXES
Available in Various Sizes
Light weight
With or without partitions
Good Printability
Good stacking properties
Various flute types
28. QUALITY ASPECTS
Box compression strength
Edge crush test
Cobb test
Bursting strength
Grammage
Burst factor
Moisture content
Type of flute
29. PAPER BOARD CARTONS
Good aesthetics
Printability
Light in weight
Ease of packing, storing, distributing and shelving
31. THERMOFORMED TRAYS
Easy Modification
Low Initial Project Costs
Short Production Time
Short Tooling Lead Time
32. WOODEN CRATES
Transport large & heavy items
Easy to produce and acquire
Anti theft proof
Good stacking properties
33. Plastic Crates
Smooth surface
Easily cleaning
Does not rot when kept on soil
Odourless
Hygienic
Light weight
Reusable
Recyclable
Environment friendly
34. CUSHIONING
Absorb kinetic energy during sudden impact or drop
Different Cushioning materials
Bubble films
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
Expanded Polyethylene (EPE)
Expanded Polyurethane (EPU)
40. GLASS PANEL
Properties:
Strongest on edges
Sharp corners
Large surface
Considerations:
Packed upright on longest edge
Wooden crates to be used
Minimum 3” foam to be used
Rigid material at bottom edge
To be labeled as fragile
43. BATHROOM FIXTURES
Properties
Heavy
High impact strength
Irregular shape
Protruded ends
Consideration
Voids to be filled
Strap properly
Bottom of box to be tapped properly
50. Definition
Clay-A fine-grained, firm earthy material that is plastic when
wet and hardens when heated, consisting primarily of hydrated
silicates of aluminum and widely used in making bricks, tiles,
and pottery.
Flux-A continued flow
Feldspar -Any of a group of aluminosilicate minerals that also
contains calcium, sodium, or potassium. Feldspars are the
most common minerals in the Earth's crust and are the major
component in nearly all igneous rocks
51. Stabilizer- is a chemical that is added to a solution or mixture
or suspension to maintain it in a stable or unchanging state.
Anti theft proof: Due to the manufacturing process of nailing
the boards together, opening the crates are sometimes harder
which decreases the risk of unauthorized access to the goods
52. Disadvantages using wooden crates:
1. Low strength/weight ratio: Depending on the wood used, wooden crates have a lower
material strength than plywood. This is partly due to the manufacturing process of
plywood where the fibres are put in different directions to increase strength.
2. More material needed: To get the same strength as other materials such as plywood,
plastic or metal, more volume is needed. The increase in packaging volume may increase
transportation cost.
3. Low material flexibility: Non-engineered wood generally has a lower material flexibility
than for example plywood. This may result in damages from excessive pressure. With
more flexible materials, pressure on the material can be spotted and decreased before
damages occur.
4. Can seldom be reused: After opening most wooden crates, the solid wood material
often has to be disposed of. This increases environmental impact and, if boards are not
used for other purposes, requires resources for material disposal