About the history of nutrition

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2. History of Nutritional Science
(1785-1985)
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 Muhammad Shahbaz Zafar
 M.Phil (Animal Nutrition)
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3.  1747, James Lind, a physician in the
British navy, performed the first scientific
nutritional experiment. Lind discovered
that lime juice saved sailors that had
been at sea for years from scurvy, a
deadly and painful bleeding disorder.
 Lind's trial described that citrus fruit was
a cure or prevantive for scurvy.
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4.  1785, Claude Berthollet
 Vapor from decomposing animal matter
was NH3 gas.
 NH3 gas has
 H2:N2
 3:1
 17%:83%
 Near to the modern values of 17.75% H2 &
82.25% N2
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5.  Antoine Lavoisier father of Chemistry &
Nutrition
 He measured the chemical basis of
Nutrition in his famous respiration
experiment
 He worked on Human Respiratory output
of Carbonic acid (CO2) at Rest & during
Lifting of the Weight
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6. Schematic drawing by
Mme. Lavoisier of her husband measuring
the carbonic acid output of his collaborator
Armand Seguin, while she
noted down the results. (Wellcome Institute,
London)
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7.  Lavoisier with mathematician Pierre
Simon calculated the Heat production
along with the production of CO2 &
compared the results with the heat
production by Light Candle/Charcoal &
this heat production was measured by Ice
Calorimeter
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8.  1816, Francois Magendie adress the
Question
 "Whether animals could use the
atmospheric N2 to animalize it with the
ingested foods Low with N2????"
 He Discovered that dogs fed only
carbohydrates (sugar), fat (olive oil), and
water died evidently of starvation, but
dogs also fed protein survived, identifying
protein as an essential dietary component
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9.  His final conclusion was " Diversity &
multiplicity of aliments is an important
rule of hygiene; which is moreover
indicated by our instincts"
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10.  1830, Jean-Baptiste was able to show that
Leguminous plants but not the cereal
grains were able to utilize the
atmospheric N2 during growth
 He run an experiment on Cows & Horses
and Concluded that "Feed provided
sufficient N2 to meet all their needs &
there was no need to hypothesized that
they had to obtain N2 from atmosphere".
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11. Summarized results from a pioneering balance trial,
comparing the daily nitrogen intake of a dairy cow from
its feed with that of its output in milk and excreta,
as reported by Boussingault in 18391
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12.  Boussingault's & his colleague Dumas
concluded that plant kingdom alone was
capable of synthesizing the kinds of
Nitrogenous compounds abundant in
animals tissues.
 All these reactions of animals were
characterized by Oxidation.
 He concluded that the animal kingdom
was only capable of oxidizing the
materials that it obtained from its plant
food.
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13.  1840, Justus Leibig from Germany was the first scientist
who describe the exact makeup of Carbohydrates,Fats
& Proteins.
 He stated that CHO are group of Sugars or non-sugars.
Fatty acids are parts of Fats & Proteins are made up of
Amino Acids.
 He discovered that animals body fat can be synthesized
from Carbohydrates & this conversion required
"Reduction" rather than "Oxidation"
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14.  William Prout, Improved the methods of
Urea analysis & obtained the Molecular
Formula C2H4N2O2 which agress with the
modern formula of CH4N2O when double
the atomic weights of C & O
 Friedrich Wohler
Heat
Silver Cyanate + NH4Cl Urea
This was a small step towards that organic
compounds can be produced in the
laboratoty 11/18/20
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15.  Dr.William Beaumont father of Gastric
Physiology" discovered that digestion was
primarily a chemical process rather than
mechanical one
 He during his experiments observed that
HCl acid is secreted in response to eating
& that of the digestion of oily foods was
slow
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16.  1850, Claude Bernard discovered that
secretions into small intestines were from
pancrease
 These secretions with emulsifying effets
of bile were of greatest importance for
digestion of Fat into Glycerol & Free Fatty
Acids
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17.  1885,Carl Voit based on his assessment of
his work in Munich concluded that protein
intake of the average working man should
be 118 g daily and that higher intakes
would be necessary for heavy workers.
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18.  Atwater assumed that meat protein in the
diet can safely be replaced by the same
quantity of protein from the Beans.
 Mulder's hypothesized that all the
proteins contained same radical
 This hypothesis had collapsed as ratio of
Carbon:Nitrogen had been reported differ
between Legumin extracted from the
Beans & Animal Proteins.
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19.  1890, Stephen Babcock done a single grain experiment.
 one cow was offered wheat & other was offered
Corn.The cow with wheat Died.
 Later he offered 4 Grains ( Oat,Wheat ,Barley ,Corn)
 The cow with Corn were healthy one
 He concluded that any extra nutrient is present in the
corn that improves the animal performance.
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21.  1894, Max Rubner demonstrates the heat
output exactly match the heat of
combustion of the foods that was
metabolizing & measured the heat output
& gas exchange at the same time.
 Atwater with his group established the
estimates for the M.E of Carbohydrates,
Proteins & Fats as 4,4 & 9 KCal/g.
 These values were slightly different from
those proposed by Rubner . 11/18/20
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22. diagram used by Atwater
to illustrate the kind of equipment
needed for a human respiration calorimeter.
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23.  1897, Christian Eijkman a dutch scientist working in
Java(Indonesia). He studied the Nutritional Causes of
Beri-Beri.
 This disease causes Heart problems & Paralysis.
 Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of
white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but
remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice
with the outer bran intact.
 Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice,
discovering that food can cure disease
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24. Victims of beriberi, with
difficulty in walking, in one of the Javanese
prisons surveyed by Vorderman
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25.  1902, F.G.Hopkins & S.W.Cole working in
Cambridge discovered Tryptophan
 1906,F.G.Hopkins & Edith G. Willcock
reported that tryptophan was essential
for the survival of mice, discovered that
some plant proteins(Zein) did not support
growth of rats unless the rats were
supplemented with other amino acids
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26.  In 1912, Casimir Funk coined the term
vitamin, a vital factor in the diet, from
the words "vital" and "amine," because
these unknown substances preventing
scurvy, beriberi, and pellagra, were
thought then to be derived from ammonia.
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27.  1909, Swiss opthamologist observed in his trials that
the conditions of Xerophthalmia & Keratomalacia were
Responsive to Cod Liver Oil.
 1916, McCollum discovered different approaches for the
discovery of 1st Fat Soluble Vitamin Vit.A & discovered
it during his experiment on Rats & observed that butter
consuming rats were more healthy than lord consuming
& assumed that some factor A is present in it
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28.  1919, Edward Mellanby discovered Vit.D & its role in
preventing Rickets. It is a disease of young peoples in
which the patient have weak & soft bones.
 He discovered that feeding caged dogs on a diet of oats
induced rickets, which could then be cured with cod
liver oil and concluded that rickets was caused by a
dietary factor. It was later discovered that the actual
cause of rickets is lack of vitamin D due to lack of
sunlight which can be prevented or remedied by
ingesting food rich in vitamin D, such as cod liver oil.
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29.  Many groups tried to determine activated
factor in the treatment of Rickets.
 It was quickly traced to the “Lipids” then
to the Sterols fraction & finally to the
Ergosterol
 1931, this is known as Vit.D
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31.  1922, H.M. Evans and Katharine Scott
Bishop discovered Vitamin E
 1935,Evans isolated in a pure form
 Vitamin activity was first identified as a
dietary fertility factor (in rats)
 it was given the name "tocopherol" from
the Greek words meaning "to carry a
pregnancy,"
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32.  1925, Hart discovered that trace amounts
of copper are necessary for iron
utilization in hemoglobin formation.
 1931, Copper deficiency was found to be
responsible for characteristics sickness in
cattle
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33.  1928, Albert Szent-Györgyi isolated
ascorbic acid, and in 1932 proved that it
is vitamin C by preventing scurvy.
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34.  1929, a Danish scientist Henrik Dam looked the role of
cholesterol in the body by examining chickens that
were fed a diet low in cholesterol. He found that after
several weeks, the chickens tended to develop
hemorrhages and start bleeding.
 Dam found that together with the cholesterol – a
second compound had been extracted from the food,
and this compound was called the coagulation vitamin
Vit.K
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35.  Dam and Doisy shared the 1943 Nobel
Prize for medicine for their work on
vitamin K (K1 and K2)
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36.  1931, Lucy Wills found that the Folate (Vit.B9) as a
nutrient was needed to prevent anemia during
pregnancy. Dr. Wills demonstrated that anemia could be
reversed with brewer's yeast.
 Folate was identified as the corrective substance in
brewer's yeast.
 1941, Herschel K. Mitchell, Esmond E. Snell, and Roger
J. Williams first isolated it via extraction from spinach
leaves
 1945, folic acid in a pure crystalline form was obtained
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37.  1932, A.Windaus determined correct
empirical formula of vitamin B1 now
known as Thiamin & recognized the
inclusion of sulfur (C12H17N4OS+)
 Rudolph Peters show that Thiamin was a
component of the coenzyme
thiaminpyrophosphate, and its role in
pyruvate metabolism in the animal body
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38.  1937, Elvehjem treated the black tongue & Pellagra
with the niacin.
 1945,Krehl proved that nicotinic acid could be formed
from tryptophan
 1949, Vilter showed that tryptophan would cure
pellagra in humans.
 Pellagra is a disease characterized by Dermatitis in
humans & black tongues disease in Dogs. It is caused by
the diet containing cereals(Corn mostly) but no dairy or
meat products. 11/18/20
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39. patient with pellagra showing dermatitis on the
parts
of her body that had been exposed to strong
sunlight, H.F. Harris, 1916
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40.  1948,Merck Laboratories in New York
isolate the “Liver factor” & called it
Vit.B12.
 It can also be called as “Cobalamine”
because of the presence of the trace
metal Cobalt.
 Microbiological assays indicates that no
plants synthesized the vitamin only
certain microorganisms
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41.  Poultry produce cobalmine in large
intestine but cant absorbed into the blood
stream. So, it must be in the diet
specially in the diet specially in the form
of animal protein(Fish Meal)
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43.  Selenium in the form of sodium selenite
found to prevent liver necrosis, exudative
diathesis in chicks & white muscle disease
in lambs
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44.  K.Schwarz & Walter Mertz discovered the
Trivalent chromium as co factor with
Insulin.
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45.  1950, It was discovered that parakeratosis,
dermatitis,diarrhea & anorexia caused by
the Zinc deficiency.
 Dwarfism & hypogonadism was due to
deficiency of Zinc.
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Pigs with parakeratosis before supplementation (3),
and 8 wk after their rations had been supplemented with 0.02% zinc
carbonate.

47.  1960, senior Nutritionist said “ We have
moved from the era of Vitamin research
to Protein Research”.
 Nutrition Division of FAO wrote that
“Deficiency of protein in the diet is most
serious & widespresd problem in the
world”
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