osmoregulation and body fluid

5. ◊ Body fluid
◊ Types of fluid
◊ Compositon of fluid
◊ Functions of body water
◊ Water balance
◊ Osmoconformers
◊ Osmoregulators

6. ◊ Types of environment
◊ Osmoregulation in different enviroment
◊ Types of osmoregulatory organs in
invertebrates

7. 60% of body weight of young male
51% of body weight of young female
40% in obese persons
72 kg weighted youn male contain 42
liters body fluid
Body fluid

9. ۞Two types of body fluid is present in
humans
1)Interacellular fluid
2)Extracellular fluid
Types of body fluid

10. ∂ water insidethecell iscalled intracellular
fluid
∂ Constitiuteabout 2/3 of total body fluid
∂ About 28 litersin young
∂ 40% of total body weight
Intracellular
fluid

11. Main Cation:-
K+ , Mg2+ , Na+ along with
small amount of Ca2+
Main Anion:-
HPO4 2- and protein along
with small amount of Cl-, HCO3- and
SO42-
pH:-
almost 7 pH.
Composition of ICF

12. Ж Fluid outsidethecells
Ж Found in blood, in lymph, in body cavities
lined with serous membrane, in thecavities
and channelsof thebrain and spinal cord, and
in muscular and other body tissues.
Ж 20% of body weight
Ж constituteabout 1/3 of total body fluid
Extracellular Fluid

14. ¥ Main Cation:-
Na+ , K+ and small amount of
Ca2+ and Mg2+
¥ Main Anion:-
Cl- , HCO3-, protein and small
amount of HPO42- and SO42-.
¥ pH:-
is about 7.4
Composition of ECF

15.  It can be subdivided into two following
types:
a)Intravascular fluid
b)Extravascular fluid
Subdivisions of ECF

16. ☼ Fluid within blood vessels
☼ Made up of blood, serum (water, clotting
factors, chemicals and electrolytes)
☼ Normally ¼ of ECF volume
☼ about 5% of body weight
Intravascular Fluid

17. ₢ Fluid outside the blood vessels
₢ Normally about ¾ of ECF volume
₢ 15% body weight
₢ It includes:
i. Interstitial fluid( tissue fluid)
ii.Transcellular fluid(cerebrospinal and
intraocular fluids)
Extravascular
fluid

18.  Medium for chemical and enzymatic
reactions
Medium for physical reactions, filtration
and diffusion
Ionizing medium
Regulates the body temp.
Lubricant in joints and pleura
Functions of Body Water

19. Refractive medium in eye
Mechanical buffer in cerebrospinal fluid to
protect the brain
Medium for exchange of gases in lungs
and tissues.

20. Balance b/w daily water gain and water
loss
Under normal condition, both are equal
(2300 ml/day each)
So body fluid remains in balance.
Water Balance

21. Normally about 2300ml/day.
Gain from 2 sources:
1.Exogeneous water:-
by oral route (by
drinking and eating)
averages about 2000
ml/day
Water Gain

22. 2. Endogeneous water:-
formed inside the
body
It is as a result of oxidation of H2 .
Normally about 300ml/day.

23. o Normally lose 2300 ml/day as follows:
a)1400 ml in urine
b)100 ml in feces
c)350 ml by evaporating from respiratory
tract
d)450 ml from skin
Water
Loss

24.  Maintance of osmotic pressure by control
of water and salt conc.
 Types of Animals on the Basis of
Osmoregulation:-
a)Osmoconformers
b)Osmoregulators
Osmoregulation

25. Osmoconformers
which maintain body osmotic conc. To
external environment.
Examples:-
marine invertebrates such
as echinoderms (such as
starfish), mussels, marine
crabs, lobsters, jellyfish, ascidians (sea
squirts

26. Osmoregulators
Which regulate body osmotic conc. To
external environment.
 Examples:-
Cartilagnious fishes, bony fishes,
fresh water protozoa, Ameoba,
Paramecium, almost all vertebrates
including humans.

27. Types of Environment
• Hypertonic Environment:-
Contain large amount of solutes
• Hypotonic Environment:-
Contain small amount of solutes
• Isotonic Environment:-
Amount of solutes balanced

29. Osmoregultion in Marine Envir.
Marine fish hypotonic to their environment
Blood has high level of water to their
surroundings
Water molecules diffuse out by osmosis
Must replace water which lose by
osmosis
Produce small amount of urine
Brings large amount of salt

30. To replace water they drink sea water
Have low rate of filtration in their kidney
tubules
Have small glomerulus
Salts are removed by rectal glands

31. Osmoregulation in fresh water
environment
๏ hypertonic to their surroundings
๏ blood has a lower water concentration
than the surrounding fresh water.
๏ Water molecules diffuse from the fresh
water into the blood by osmosis.
๏ must produce a very large volume of urine
๏ large volume of urine carries salt with it

32. ๏ remove a large volume of water from the
blood by having a high rate of filtration into
thekidney
๏ having many large glomeruli
๏ salt replacement is solved by chloride
secretory cells

33. Osmoregulatory organ in
Invertebrates
 following osmoregulatory structures are
present
Contractile vacuoles
Protonephridia
Metanephridia
Green & Maxillary glands
Malphigian tubules
Coxal Glands

34. Contractile vacuoles
 Need energy
 Expel excess water from individual cell to
hypo osmotic environment
 Present in fresh water species like
protozoan and sponges

35. Protonephridia
 Present in annelids, larval molluscs and
some flatworms
 Primitive Nephridia
 Composed of network of excretory canals
 Flame cell system present on execratory
canals
 Flame cells filter surrounding interstitial
fluid

36.  Cilia propels the fluid through
excretory canals
 Then it moves out from body through
excretory pores
 Primarily eliminates excess water
 Nitrogenous waste are simply diffuse
across the body surface

38. Metanephridia
 Present in many annelids, earthworms
and many molluscs at their adult stage
 Advanced type of excretory system
 Begins with a ciliated funnel
“nephrostome”
 Opens in body cavity
 Beating of cilia moves the fluid into
tubules

39.  Network of capillaries surrounds the
tubule
 Reabsorbs ions
 Tubules open in enlarged bladder
 Bladder opens outside the body through
nephridiopore

41. Excretory organs in crustaceans
 They have following structures:
¶ Gills
¶ Green glands or Antennal glands
¶ Maxillary glands

42.  Gills remove nitrogenous waste by
diffusion in some crustaceans
 Green glands are present in crayfish &
crabs
 Located near antenna and green in color
 Fluid filters from hemocoel
 Hemolymph pressure cause filtration
 Nephridial canals also present

44. Malphigian tubules
 Present in insects
 Attached with gut
 K ions moves in tubules through active
transport
 Water follows osmotically
 Some water and ions are reabsorbed
 Tubules open into gut &all uric acid
passes to gut

46. Coxal Glands
 Present in spiders, scorpions & mites
 Spherical sacs
 Collect waste from Hemolymph
 Discharge it through pores
 Pores are present on appendages &
these are present near proximal part of
joint of leg
 Also secret pheromones