Author: Prof. Sam Bernales Jr

1. Society and Cultures of the World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
2/14/2021 6:14:10 PM
Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
1
CONTEMPORARY WORLD

2. Globalization
• Globalization
• Manfred Stager
• Process as Expansion and Intensification
of social relations and consciousness
across world time and across work-space.
• Expansion
• Creation of new social networks and
multiplication of existing connections that
cut across traditional political, economic,
cultural and geographic boundaries
• Social Media
• Global Connection
• NGO
• Networks that connect specific
group e.g. global social advocates
and activists
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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3. Globalization
• Intensification
• Refers to the expansion, stretching
and acceleration of networks
• Connections are multiplying,
becoming more closely-knit and
expanding their reach
• E.g. Strong financial market
between London and New York,
advent of electronic trading,
volume of electronic trade increase
thus the world becomes financially
integrated
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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4. Globalization
•Globalism
• Widespread
belief among
powerful
people that
the global
integration of
economic
markets is
beneficial for
everyone
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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5. Globalization
• Arjun Appadurai
• Anthropologist who proposed that kinds
of globalization occur on multiple and
intersecting dimensions of integration
• Ethnoscape
• Global movement of people
• Mediascape
• Flow of culture
• Technoscape
• Circulation of mechanical goods and
software
• Financescape
• Global Circulation of Money
• Ideoscape
• Realm where political ideas move around
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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6. Economic Globalization
• Economic Globalization
• International Monetary Fund:
Historical process representing
the result of human innovation
and technological progress
• Characteristic: Increasing
integration of economies
around the world through the
movement of goods, services
and capital across borders
• GDP Trade: From 42.1% in 1980
to 62.1% in 2007
• Mode: From Physical Matter to
Downloadable Data E.g. Books
to E-books and CDs to iTunes
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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7. Economic Globalization
• International Trading System
• Silk Road
• Oldest known international trade
route
• From China trough Middle East to
Europe
• Opened by Han dynasty in 130 BC
until closed by Ottoman empire
in 1453 AD
• International only but not Global
since it did not reach America
• Gold
• Common basis for currency
prices and fixed exchange rate
system led by Europe and US at
the International Money
Conference in 1867
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Contemporary World
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8. Economic Globalization
• Bretton Wood System
• Inaugurated in 1944 during the UN
Monetary and Financial
Conference
• Aim is to prevent past financial
catastrophes (Usually brought by
wars) from reoccurring and
affecting international ties
• John Maynard Keynes
• Influenced Bretton Wood System
• Believed that economic crisis
occur not when a country does
not have enough money, but when
is not being spent and, thereby,
not moving
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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9. Economic Globalization
• Bretton Wood System
• Created financial institutions:
• World Bank or International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD)
• Reconstruct War devastated world
cities
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Global Lender to prevent countries
from credit crises
• Global Keynesianism
• Role of governments in managing
spending
• General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT)
• Created in 1947 with the purpose of
reducing tariffs and other hindrance to
free trade
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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10. Global Politics
• International Relations
• Jeremy Bentham
• British Philosopher in 1780
• Coined the word “International”
• Political interactions between states
• World Politics
• Key Attributes
• Countries/ States are Independent
• Countries/ States interact with each
other with diplomacy
• United Nations (UN) facilitates these
interactions
• UN has agencies e.g. World Health
Organization (WHO), World Food
Organization (WFO) and International
Labor Organization (ILO)
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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11. Global Politics
• State
• Country and its government
• Attributes
• Territory
• Sovereign over its territory
• Internal Sovereignty
• Laws abided by
International Organizations
operating inside the State
• External Sovereignty
• Independent from
intervention from other
state
• Government
• Authority over its citizens
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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12. Global Politics
• Nation
• Benedict Anderson:
Imagined
Community i.e.
feeling of connection
with community
even he will not
meet them in his
lifetime
• E.g. Filipino cheering
for Manny Pacquiao
even he do not
personally know the
Filipino Athlete
• E.g. Bangsamoro is a
nation seeking to
become a state
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Contemporary World
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13. Global Politics
• Metternich System
• Named after Klemens von Metternich
• Austrian Diplomat
• Architect of Metternich System to counter
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Restored the “Great powers”
• Great Powers
• United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia
• Still hold significant influence over world
politics
• Internationalism
• Interaction between various sovereign states,
particularly the desire for greater cooperation
and unity among states
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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14. Global Governance
• International Organization
• Powers:
• Classification
• E.g. Classifying Refugees
(Foreign, Alien,
Immigrants etc.)
• Fix Meanings
• E.g. Security as Safety
from Military Violence
and Environmental Harm
• Diffuse Norms
• Norms are accepted
codes of conduct that
may be strict law and
produce regularity in
behavior
• Establishing Global
Standards of Norms
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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15. Global Governance
• International Organization
• United Nations
• Most important International
Organization
• Created after World War II
• Primary Goal is to avert another global
war
• Has 193 Member States
• Five Organs:
• General Assembly (GA)
• Main deliberative Policymaking
and representative organ
• Decides on most important
questions e.g. peace and
security, admission of new
members and budgetary matters
• Require 2/3 of the members to
decide
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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16. Global Governance
• International Organization
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• General Assembly (GA)
• Elects GA President annually
for 1 term of office
• Carlos P. Romulo (President,
GA, 1949-1950)
• Security Council
• Most Powerful Organ
• Consist of 15 Member States
(10 Elected by GA for 2-year
Term and the other is known
as the Permanent 5 (China,
France, Russia, UK and US)
which is permanent from the
founding of UN and cannot
be replaced through election
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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17. Global Governance
• International Organization
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• Security Council
• Takes the lead in determining the
existence of threat to the peace or
an act of aggression
• Calls upon the parties to a dispute to
settle the act by peaceful means and
recommends methods of
adjustment or terms of settlement
• Can resort to imposing sanctions or
even authorizing the use of force to
maintain or restore international
peace and security
• Permanent 5 (P5) member has veto
power to stop a Security Council
action dead in its tracts. Hence P5 is
heir to the tradition of great power
diplomacy of Metternich System
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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18. Global Governance
• International Organization
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
• Principal Body for coordination, policy
review, policy dialogue and
recommendations on social and
environmental issues as well as the
implementation of internationally agreed
development goals
• Has 54 States Members elected for 3-year
terms.
• Central platform for discussion on
sustainable development
• International Court of Justice
• Task is to settle, in accordance to
international law, legal disputes submitted
to it by states and to give advisory opinions
• Different from International Criminal Court
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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19. Global Governance
• International Organization
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• Secretariat
• Consist of Secretary General and
10,000 international UN Staff
members
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Contemporary World
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20. Global Governance
• International Organization
• United Nations
• Salvador P. Lopez
• Filipino
• Chairman, UN Commission on
Human Rights
• Designed the system whereby
any citizen of any state may
petition the UN to look into
human rights violations in a
country
• Limitations:
• UN is not a World Government
• Function because of
voluntary cooperation from
states e.g. rapporteurs must
be invited and placed under
conditions by the state
being investigated
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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21. World of Regions
• Governments, Associations,
Societies, Groups
• Form regional organizations or
networks as way of coping
with the challenges of
globalization
• E.g. Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN)
• Member countries: Brunei,
Cambodia, Lao, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam,
• Regions
• Not natural
• Constructed and defined by
policymakers
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Contemporary World
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22. World of Regions
• Regions
• Edward D. Mansfield and
Helen V. Milner: A group of
countries located in the same
geographically specified area
• Regionalization
• Regional concentration of
economic flaws
• Regionalism
• Political process characterize
by economic policy
cooperation and
coordination among
countries
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Contemporary World
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23. World of Regions
• China
• Large country, have enough
resources, offers its cheap
and huge workforce to
attract foreign businesses
and expand trade with
countries it once
considered its enemies (US,
Japan) but now sees as
markets for its goods
• Singapore and Switzerland
• Compensate for their lack
of resources by turning
their themselves into
financial and banking hubs
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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24. World of Regions
• Singapore
• Developed its harbor facilities
and made them a first class
transit port for ships carrying
different commodities from
Africa, Europe, Middle East,
Southeast Asia and Asia-Pacific
• Regional Associations
• Purpose
• Military Defense e.g. North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) was
formed during the Cold War when
several Western European
countries plus the United States
agreed to protect Europe against
the treat of Soviet Union
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Contemporary World
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25. World of Regions
• Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
• Members: Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia
and Venezuela
• Established in 1960
• Member countries
pool their resources,
get better return for
their exports and
expand their
leverage against
their trading
partners
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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26. World of Regions
• Non-aligned Movement (NAM)
• Members: Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia and
Yugoslavia
• Established in 1961
• Member countries form regional blocks to
protect their independence from pressures of
superpower politics
• Created to pursue world peace, international
cooperation, human rights, national
sovereignty, racial and national inequality,
non-intervention and peaceful conflict
resolution
• Called “non-aligned” because of refusal to
side with either the First World capitalist
democracies in Western Europe and North
America or the communist states in Eastern
Europe
• Members today: 120 countries
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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27. World of Regions
• Non-State Regionalism
• Rainforest Foundation
• Established by activists to protect
indigenous peoples and rainforests in
Brazil, Guyana, Panama and Peru
• Regional Interfaith Youth Networks
• Formed by youth Christians across Asia,
Africa, Middle East, America and
Caribbean
• Migrant Forum in Asia
• Network of NGOs and trade unions
committed in protecting and promoting
the rights and welfare of migrant
workers
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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28. Media and Globalization
• Media
• Jack Lule: Conveying something such
as channel of communication
• Plural of medium (In between)
• Marshall McLuhan: Media (Referring
on television since he wrote this in
1960) reshape social behavior and
reorient family behavior. Media are
turning the world into a “global
village.”
• Hello Kitty
• Proof of Japan’s influence over global
culture
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Contemporary World
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29. Global City
• Globalization
• Spatial because it occurs in physical
spaces e.g. Skyscrapers
• People in urban areas: 30% in 1950 to
54% in 2014 and expected to reach
66% in 2050
• Global City
• Saskia Sassen
• Sociologist
• Popularized “global city” in 1990s
• Criteria of Global City: Primarily
Economic
• Global Cities: New York, London and
Tokyo
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30. Global City
• Stock Exchange
• New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
in New York, USA
• Financial Times Stock Exchange
(FTSE) in London, UK
• Nikkei in Tokyo, Japan
• Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE)
Shanghai, China
• Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) in
Manila, Philippines
• Money Trading Comparison
• NYSE - $ 19,300 B
• PSE - $ 231.3 B
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31. Global City
• Global City Attributes
• Economic power
• Market Size (Number of traders)
• Purchasing power of citizens
• Size of middle class (businessmen)
• Center of Authority (Capital cities)
• Shanghai
• Worlds busiest container port with over
33 Million container units moved in 2013
• Singapore (City, Island and Country)
• Asia’s most competitive city
• Strong market
• Efficient and incorruptible government
• Livability
• Houses regional offices of many global
corporations
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Contemporary World
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32. Global City
• Global City Attributes
• Political Influence
• Washington D.C.
• Seat of American state of power
• Brussels, Belgium
• Headquarters of European Union
• New York
• Headquarters of United Nations
• Jakarta, Indonesia
• Headquarters of ASEAN
• Frankfurt, Germany
• European Central Bank
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Contemporary World
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33. Global City
• Global City Attributes
• Higher learning and culture
• New York
• New York Times Newspaper
• Boston
• Harvard University
• Los Angeles
• Hollywood
• San Francisco
• Headquarters of Facebook, Twitter and
Google
• Copenhagen, Denmark
• Culinary capital of the world
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34. Global City
• Gentrification
• Driving out of the poor in favor of
newer and wealthier residents
• Banlieue
• Poor Muslim migrants are forced out
of Paris and have clustered around
ethnic enclaves in France
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Contemporary World
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35. Movement and Sustainability
• Global Demography
• Number of children
• Rural and Poor Urban
• Tend to have more children for
farming (Crop cultivation, planting
harvesting) and hawk their wares on
streets
• Urbanized, educated and
professionals
• Tend to have fewer children
• Tied down or committed to
profession
• Lesser time to devote to kids and
parenting
• Saving plans on healthcare and
education of children
• Have more access to birth control
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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36. Food
• Food
• Eaten that satisfies
appetite in order to
meet physiological
needs for growth,
maintaining body
processes and
supply energy to
maintain body heat
and activities
• One of the most
crucial needs of
human beings
• People cannot live
and survive without
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Contemporary World
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37. Food
• Functions of Food
• Maintains
physiological
process by giving
sustenance to
the body
• Symbolic
experience and
representation
• Continuum life
for the human
species
• Shape national
boundaries and
identities
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Contemporary World
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38. Food
• Pillars of
Food Security
• Food
Availability
• Sufficient
and
consistent
quantities
• Food Access
• Enough
resources
to obtain
• Food Use
• Nutrition
and
Health
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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39. Global Migration
• Migration
• Movement of people from one place to another
• Domestic/ Internal Migration
• Within Country
• Foreign/ International Migration
• Outside Country
• Immigrants
• Permanently moved to another country
• Workers in fixed period
• E.g. 6 months
• Illegal Immigrants
• Alien
• Petitioned Migrants
• By families
• Refugees
• Asylum
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Contemporary World
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40. Global Migration
• Migration
• Emigration
• Going-out of Country
• Immigration
• Coming-in of Country
• Migrants
• 247 Million as of 2018
• 90% Workers
• 10% Asylee
• 18% from Latin America
• 16% from Eastern Europe and Central
Asia
• 14% from Middle East and North Africa
• Destination: Europe, Middle East and
United States
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Contemporary World
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41. Global Migration
• Remittance
• $ 580 B in 2014
• India ($ 70 B)
• China ($ 62 B)
• Philippines ($ 28 B)
• Mexico ($ 25 B)
• Brain Drain
• 52% of Filipino college graduate
migrated
• 23% of Filipino population
• White/Blue Collar change
• From Doctors, Engineers and
Managers to Industrial and Domestic
Works
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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42. Activity
• Topic
• Migration
• Situation
• As an OFW
• Instruction
• Discussion
• Cite an OFW (Family, Relatives,
Friends, Neighbor, et al)
• Question
• What changed in their house,
dress, vehicles?
• How are people cope with
frequent departure and arrival?
• What changed happened to
migrant in the way they dress,
talk, look at other people, et al?
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Contemporary World
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43. Global Migration
• Human
Trafficking
• 3rd largest
global crime in
2012 according
to FBI
• Victims of
Forced Labor
(21 M people)
equivalent to 3
of every 1000
person
worldwide
• Sexually abused
(22% or 4.5 M
person)
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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44. Consumatum Est
• It
• Is
• Finished!
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.

45. 10-45
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the publisher. Published in the Republic
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2/14/2021 6:14:10 PM
Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.