Savonious Wind Turbine with new blade (scoop) design

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND
TURBINE
Project Work Report
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
PARAVADA SAI APUROOP 17L35A0319
PAILA NARENDRA 16L31A03H4
ARJI HARSHA VARDHAN 16L31A03H5
VULLURI GAYATHRI 16L31A03L6
MOHAMMED AZEEZUDDIN 17L35A0327
Under the Guidance of
Sri. B. Hemanth
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Vignan’s Institute of Information
Technology(A)
(Approved by AICTE and Permenantly Affiliated to JNT University, Kakinada)
(Accredated by NAAC with ‘A’Grade &NBA)
Beside VSEZ, Duvvada, Visakhapatnam – 530046
2020

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology (A)
Beside VSEZ, Duvvada, Visakhapatnam – 530046
Certificate
This is to certify that the Project work entitled
“Design and fabrication of vertical axis wind turbine” has
been carried out by
Under my Guidance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada
during the Academic year 2019-20.
Project Guide Head of the Department

Acknowledgement
We express my deep gratitude to my guide Sri. B. Hemanth,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan’s
Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam for rendering us
guidance and valuable advice always. He has been a perennial source of
inspiration and motivation right from the inception to the completion of
this project.
We are indeed very grateful to Sri.Ch. Siva Rama Krishna,
Associate Professor & Head, Department of Mechanical, Vignan’s IIT,
Visakhapatnam for his ever willingness to share his valuable knowledge
and constantly inspire me through suggestions.
We sincerely thank all the Staff Members of the Department for
giving us their heart full support in all stages of the project work and
completion of this project.
In all humility and reverence, we express my profound sense of
gratitude to all elders and Professors who have willingly spared time,
experience and knowledge to guide me in my project.

Abstract
ABSTRACT
The principle objective of this project is Rural Electrification via hybrid system which
includes wind energy and solar energy. The design of wind turbine compact enough to be
installed on roof tops. So vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is designed over Horizontal
Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). Advantages of VAWT over HAWT are compact for same
electricity generation, less noise, easy for installation and maintenance and reacts to wind
from all directions. Wind energy is one of the non-conventional forms of energy and it is
available in affluence. The wind turbine designed to generate electricity sufficient
enough for a domestic use. The electricity generated will be stored in the battery and
then given to the load. This project emphasizes on electrification of remote areas with
minimum cost where load shading still has to be done to meet with demand of urban
areas.
Keywords: Blade design of VAWT, DC Synchronous generator, Energy Source,
Storage.
Dept of Mech Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam (i)

NOMENCLATURE
V Air Velocity
A Turbine Swept area
D Rotor Diameter
H Rotor Height
ρ Air Density
KE Kinetic Energy
ω Angular Speed [rad/s]
R Rotor Radius
N Number of Blades

LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER
No.
Page No
Chapter No.1
Fig. 1 Earliest Wind Turbine 3
Fig. 2 Principle of Wind Turbine 4
Fig. 3 Horizontal axis Wind Turbine 6
Fig. 4 Components of HAWT 7
Fig. 5 Aerofoil Lift and Drag 7
Fig. 6 Blades 8
Fig. 7 Hub 8
Fig. 8 Nacelle 9
Fig. 9 Low speed shaft 9
Fig.10 Gear box 10
Fig.11 High speed shaft 10
Fig.12 Generator 11
Fig.13 Controller 11
Fig.14 Anemometer and wind vane 12
Fig.15 Yaw system 13
Fig.16 Towers 13
Fig.17 Darrieus wind turbine 16
Fig.18 Giro wind mill turbine 16
Fig.19 Helical wind turbine 17
Fig.20 Savonius wind turbine 18
Fig.21 Scoop 19
Fig.22 Savonius blade design 1 20
Fig.23 Savonius blade design 2 20
Fig.24 Shaft design 21
Fig.25 Gear design 21
Fig.26 Link design 21
Fig.27 Link connecting shaft design 1 22

Fig.28 Link connecting shaft design 2 22
Fig.29 Assembled design 22
Fig.30 Assembled design 23
Fig.31 Exploded view design 23
Fig.32 Highways 27
Fig.33 On street lights 28
Fig.34 On top of houses 28

Table of Contents (Index Sheet)
Chapter
No.
Ref.
No
Description Page No
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of wind turbines 01
1.1.1 Advantages of wind power 02
1.1.2 Disadvantages of wind power 02
1.2 History about wind turbines 03
1.3 Principle of wind turbines 04
1.4 Classification of wind turbine 05
1.5 Horizontal axis wind turbine 05
1.5.1 Main components of HAWT 07
1.5.2 Advantages of HAWT 14
1.5.3 Disadvantages of HAWT 14
1.6 Vertical axis wind turbine 14
1.6.1 Darreius wind turbine 15
1.6.2 Giro wind mill turbine 16
1.6.3 Helical wind turbine 17
1.6.4 Savonius wind turbine 18
1.6.4 a Principle of operation 19
1.6.4 b Blade and non blade materials 20
1.6.4 c Characteristics of savonius blade wind turbine 21
1.6.5 d Requirement of placement 22
1.6.4 e Advantages of savonius turbine 23
1.6.4 f Disadvantages of savonius turbine 23
1.6.4 g Applications of savonius turbine 23
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of papers 26
2.2 The Knowledge gap in earlier investigations 29
2.3 Objectives of the present work 29

3
EXPERIMENTATION
3.1 Methodology 30
3.2 Cad Model of Savonius Blade 30
3.3 Materials 33
3.3.1 GI sheet 33
3.3.2 Alloy Steel 34
3.4 Fabrication 35
3.5 Blade Testing 37
4
RESULT & DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Materials Used 38
4.2 Blade Design 38
4.3 Shaft Design 38
4.4 Gear design 38
4.5 Design Specifications 39
4.6 Observation Table 39
4.7 Power Calculations 40
5
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
5.1 Conclusions 42
5.2 Future Scope of work 42
6 REFRENCES 44
7 BIBILOGRAPHY 46

Introduction
Page 1Dept of Mech.Engg.,VIIT,Visakhapatnam
Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION
Every energy plays an important role in everyday life to carry out any task. The
renewable and non-renewable energy resources are best way to solve the power issues.
The main problem behind the non-renewable energy resources are not sustainable and
create global warming which is hazardous to the environment. The renewable energy
resources such as solar, wind, tidal and bio gas are available in abundant and sustainable
which can be utilized for the requirement. As the non renewable energy resources are
going extinct, renewable have been very successful in their ever-growing contribution to
electrical power there are no countries dominated by fossil fuels who have a plan to stop
and get that power from renewable. Only Scotland and Ontario have stopped burning
coal, largely due to good natural gas supplies. In the area of transportation, fossil fuels
are even more entrenched and solutions harder to find. The market for renewable energy
technologies has continued to grow. Climate change concerns and increasing in green
jobs, coupled with high oil prices, peak oil, oil wars, oil spills, promotion of electric
vehicles and renewable electricity, nuclear disasters and increasing government support,
are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization. It
is unclear if there are failures with policy or renewable energy, but twenty years after the
Kyoto Protocol fossil fuels are still our primary energy source and consumption
continues to grow.
In all these renewable energy sources the Wind Energy is which cannot affect the
environment highly for the production of electricity. A wind turbine, or alternatively
referred to as a wind energy converter, is a device that converts the wind's kinetic
energy into electrical energy.
1.1. Introduction of wind turbines
Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis. The
smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power
for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Larger turbines can be used for
making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the
utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are
becoming an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy and are

Introduction
Dept. of Mech Engg , VIIT ,Visakhapatnam Page 2
used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. One
assessment claimed that, as of 2009, wind had the "lowest relative greenhouse gas
emissions, the least water consumption demands and... the most favourable social
impacts" compared to photovoltaic, hydro, geothermal, coal and gas.
1.1.1. Advantages Of Wind Power:
1. The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently.
2. Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green
house gases or other pollutants.
3. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of
land. This means that the land below can still be used especially the case in
agricultural areas.
4. Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of the landscape.
5. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind
turbines to produce their own supply.
6. Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world.
1.1.2. Dis-advantages Of Wind Power:
1. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force.
This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all
the time.
2. Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without these
large structures being built.
3. Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a
family car travelling at 70 mph.
4. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or
interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly.
5. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced.
Therefore wind power does produce some pollution.

Introduction
6. Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enough
electricity.
1.2. History about wind turbines
The first electricity-generating wind turbine was a battery charging machine
installed in July 1887 by Scottish academic James Blyth to light his holiday home in
Marykirk, Scotland. Some months late American inventor Charles F. Brush was able to
build the first automatically operated wind turbine after consulting local University
professors and colleagues Jacob S. Gibbs and Brinsley Coleberd and successfully getting
blueprints of peer- reviewed for electricity production in Cleveland, Ohio. Although the
Fig:-1-Earliest Wind Turbine
Blyth's turbine was considered uneconomical in the United Kingdom, electricity
generation by wind turbines was more cost effective in countries with widely scattered
populations. The first automatically operated wind turbine, built in Cleveland in 1887 by
Charles F. Brush. It was 60 feet (18 m) tall, weighed 4 tons (3.6 metric tonnes) and
powered a 12 kW generator. In Denmark by 1900, there were about 2500 windmills for
mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combined peak
power of about 30 MW. Despite these diverse developments, developments in fossil fuel
systems almost entirely eliminated anywind turbine systems larger than supermicro size.
In the early 1970s, however, anti-nuclear protests in Denmark spurred artisan mechanics
to develop micro turbines. It has been argued that expanding use of wind power will lead
to increasing geopolitical competition over critical materials for wind turbines such as
rare earth elements neodymium, praseodymium, and dysprosium. But this perspective
has been criticised for failing to recognise that most wind turbines do not use permanent
magnets and for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded
production of these minerals.

Introduction
1.3. Principle of wind turbine
Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to
make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity.
Fig:-2-Principle of Wind Turbine
A wind turbine works on a simple principle, energy in the wind turns two or
three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which
spins a generator to create electricity. Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture
the most energy. At 100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground, they can take advantage
of faster and less turbulent wind. Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a
single home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid (shown here) for
more widespread electricity distribution.
Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly across the India and are modified by bodies
of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. Humans use this wind flow, or motion
energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity.
The terms "wind energy" and "wind power" both describe the process by which the wind
is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. This mechanical power can be used
for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert
this mechanical power into electricity.
A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic force from the
rotor blades, which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade. When wind
flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade decreases. The difference

Introduction
in air pressure across the two sides of the blade creates both lift and drag. The force of
the lift is stronger than the drag and this causes the rotor to spin. The rotor connects to
the generator, either directly (if it’s a direct drive turbine) or through a shaft and a series
of gears (a gearbox) that speed up the rotation and allow for a physically smaller
generator. This translation of aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates
electricity.
1.4. Classification of wind turbine
Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former being
both older and more common. They can also include blades, or be bladeless. Vertical
designs produce less power and are less common.
1.5. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Large three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) with the blades upwind of the
tower produce the overwhelming majority of wind power in the world today. These
turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must
be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large
turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a yaw system. Most have a gearbox,
which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to
drive an electrical generator. Some turbines use a different type of generator suited to
slower rotational speed input. These don't need a gearbox and are called direct-drive,
meaning they couple the rotor directly to the generator with no gearbox in between.
While permanent magnet direct-drive generators can be more costly due to the rare earth
materials required, these gearless turbines are sometimes preferred over gearbox
generators because they "eliminate the gear-speed increaser, which is susceptible to
Wind Turbines
Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbine
Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine

Introduction
significant accumulated fatigue torque loading, related reliability issues, and
maintenance costs. There is also the pseudo direct drive mechanism, which has some
advantages over the permanent magnet direct drive mechanism.
Fig:-3-Horizontal axis Wind Turbine
Most horizontal axis turbines have their rotors upwind of the supporting tower.
Downwind machines have been built, because they don't need an additional mechanism
for keeping them in line with the wind. In high winds, the blades can also be allowed to
bend, which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance. Despite these
advantages, upwind designs are preferred, because the change in loading from the wind
as each blade passes behind the supporting tower can cause damage to the turbine.
Turbines used in wind farms for commercial production of electric power are usually
three-bladed. These have low torque ripple, which contributes to good reliability. The
blades are usually colored white for daytime visibility by aircraft and range in length
from 20 to 80 meters (66 to 262 ft). The size and height of turbines increase year by year.
Offshore wind turbines are built up to 8 MW today and have a blade length up to 80
meters (260 ft). Designs with 10 to 12 MW are in preparation. Usual multi megawatt
turbines have tubular steel towers with a height of 70 m to 120 m and in extremes up to
160 m.

Introduction
1.5.1. Main Components of HAWT
Fig:-4-Components of HAWT
The main components of Horizontal Axis Vertical Turbine are:-
i. Blades:
Main part which convert free flowing wind energy to useful energy. Uses Lift &
Drag principle as shown in the picture.
Fig:-5-Aerofoil Lift and Drag

Introduction
Three blade rotor is best compared to two and single blade turbines. In
general, the 3-blade propeller will have a smaller diameter than the 2-
blade propeller that it replaces, which also serves to reduce the tip speed and
noise.
Fig:-6-Blades
ii. Hub:
In simple designs, the blades are directly bolted to the hub. In other more
sophisticated designs, they are bolted to the pitch mechanism, which adjusts their
angle of attack according to the wind speed. The hub is fixed to the rotor shaft
which drives the generator through a gearbox. The hub transmits and must
withstand all the loads generated by the blades. Hubs are generally made of steel,
either welded or cast.
Fig:-7-Hub

Introduction
iii. Nacelle
Nacelle is a cover housing that houses all of the generating components in
a wind turbine, including the generator, gearbox, drive train, and brake assembly.
Fig:-8-Nacelle
Generally it provides the housing for:-
 Low speed shaft
 Brake
 Gear Box
 High speed
 Anemometer
 Wind vane
iv. Low speed shaft
The shaft from hub to the Gear box. Speed is typically between 40rpm to
400rpm. Generators typically rotate at 1200rpm to 1800rpm.
Fig:-9-Low Speed Shaft

Introduction
v. Gear box
Fig:-10-Gear Box
A gearbox is typically used in a wind turbine to increase rotational speed
from a low-speed rotor to a higher speed electrical generator. A common ratio is
about 90:1, with a rate 16.7 rpm input from the rotor to 1,500 rpm output for the
generator.
vi. High speed shaft
The shaft which drives the generator. The wind-driven rotor is on a low-
speed shaft which is connected by cears to the high-speed shaft, which drives the
generator.
Fig:-11-High Speed Shaft
vii. Generator
A Wind Turbine Generator is what makes your electricity by
converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Lets be clear here, they do
not create energy or produce more electrical energy than the amount of

Introduction
mechanical energy being used to spin the rotor blades. These turbines have the
main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be
pointed into the wind.
viii. Brake
Fig:-12-Generator
A mechanical drum brake or disk brake is used to stop turbine in
emergency situation. This brake is also used to hold the turbine at rest for
maintenance. Braking the turbine when its spinning at high speeds will damage
the turbine. Its just not designed to do that. The brake is designed for low speeds
and in case of failure or runaways it will be used as a last resort. The blades on
a turbine pitch to catch the wind.
ix. Controller
Fig:-13-Controller

Introduction
The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per
hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at
wind speeds above about 55 mph because they might be damaged by the high
winds The controller gets wind speed data from the anemometer and acts
accordingly .
x. Anemometer & wind vane
Anemometers measure wind speed and wind vanes measure wind direction.
A typical wind vane has a pointer in front and fins in back. When the wind is
blowing, the wind vane points into the wind. The entrapped air in the conical
cups causes rotation of the shaft, enabling to measure the speed.
Anemometers are important tools for meteorologists, who study weather patterns.
They are also important to the work of physicists, who study the way air moves.
Fig:-14-Anemometer and Wind Vane
xi. Yaw system
The yaw system of wind turbines is the component responsible for
the orientation of the wind turbine rotor towards the wind. It is the means of
rotatable connection between nacelle and tower. The nacelle is mounted on a
roller bearing and the azimuth rotation is achieved via a plurality of powerful
electric drives. Yaw system consists of – Yaw bearing – Yaw drives – Yaw
brake.

Introduction
Fig:-15-Yaw System
xii. Tower
The tower of the wind turbine carries the nacelle and the rotor. Towers for
large wind turbines may be either tubular steel towers, lattice towers, or concrete
towers. Guyed tubular towers are only used for small wind turbines (battery
chargers etc.) Typically, 2 types of towers exist Floating towers and Land-based
towers. Floating towers can be seen in offshore wind farms where the towers are
float on water. Land-based Towers can be seen in the Onshore wind farm where
the towers are situated on the land.
Fig:-16-Towers

Introduction
Currently the record for the biggest wind turbine in the world is held by the Vestas V164
(Vestas Wind Systems A/S is a Danish manufacturer) rotor diameter of 164 m tower
height of 205 m nominal output of 8 MW. The prototype of which was installed in
January 2014 in Denmark, while the first wind farm is in operation since April 2016 in
England.
1.5.2. Advantages of HAWT
 The efficiency is higher than that of vertical axis machines.
 They are easier to mount high enough to avoid much of the ground effect.
 They are self starting.
 They are less expensive.
 The technology is better developed.
 They are available commercially.
1.5.2. Dis-advantages of HAWT
 Required massive tower construction.
 Requires components to be lifted into position.
 Height makes them obtrusively visible across large areas.
 Require an additional yaw control mechanism to turn blades toward wind.
 Require braking or yawing device to stop the turbine.
1.6. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically.
One advantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the
wind to be effective, which is an advantage on a site where the wind direction is highly
variable. It is also an advantage when the turbine is integrated into a building because it
is inherently less steerable. Also, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the
ground, using a direct drive from the rotor assembly to the ground-based gearbox,
improving accessibility for maintenance. However, these designs produce much less
energy averaged over time, which is a major drawback. The key disadvantages include
the relatively low rotational speed with the consequential higher torque and hence higher
cost of the drive train, the inherently lower power coefficient, the 360-degree rotation of
the aerofoil within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly dynamic

Introduction
loading on the blade, the pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs on the drive
train, and the difficulty of modelling the wind flow accurately and hence the challenges
of analysing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.
When a turbine is mounted on a rooftop the building generally redirects wind over the
roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of a rooftop mounted
turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building height it is near the optimum for
maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence. While wind speeds within the
built environment are generally much lower than at exposed rural sites, noise may be a
concern and an existing structure may not adequately resist the additional stress.
Subtypes of the vertical axis design include:
1.6.1. Darrieus Wind Turbine
The modern Darrieus VAWT was invented by a French engineer
George Jeans Mary Darrieus. He submitted his patent in 1931 in the USA which
included both the ‘‘Eggbeater (or Curved Bladed)’’ and ‘‘Straight-bladed’’ VAWTs.
Sketches of these two variations of Darrieus concepts are shown in figure. The Darrieus-
type VAWTs are basically lift force driven wind turbines. The turbine consists of two or
more aerofoil-shaped blades which are attached to a rotating vertical shaft. The wind
blowing over the aerofoil contours of the blade creates aerodynamic lift and actually
pulls the blades along. The troposkien shape eggbeater-type Darrieus VAWT, which
minimizes the bending stress in the blades, were commercially deployed in California in
the past. They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and cyclical stress
on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability. They also generally require some
external power source, or an additional Savonius rotor to start turning, because the
starting torque is very low. The torque ripple is reduced by using three or more blades,
which results in greater solidity of the rotor. Solidity is measured by blade area divided
Savonius Wind
Turbine
Helical Wind
Turbine
Giromill Wind
Turbine
Darrieus Wind
Turbine
Vertical Axis
Wind Turbine

Introduction
by the rotor area. Newer Darrieus type turbines are not held up by guy-wires but have an
external superstructure connected to the top bearing.
Fig;-17-Darrieus Wind Turbine
1.6.2. Giro Windmill Turbine
Fig:-18-Giro Wind Mill Turbine

Introduction
Darrieus's 1927 patent also covered practically any possible arrangement
using vertical airfoils. One of the more common types is the H-rotor, also called
the Giromill or H-bar design, in which the long blades of the common Darrieus design
are replaced with straight vertical blade sections attached to the central tower with
horizontal supports. A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved,
blades. The cycloturbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is
self-starting. The advantages of variable pitch are- high starting torque; a wide, relatively
flat torque curve; a higher coefficient of performance; more efficient operation in
turbulent winds; and a lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade bending stresses.
Straight, V, or curved blades may be used.
1.6.3. Helical Wind Turbine
Many helical wind turbines look like DNA structures, large drill
bits or other spiral designs which catch the wind and produce electricity. The helical
wind turbine is said by manufacturers to be quieter than bladed turbines because of
slower speeds along the blade tips.The blades of a Darrieus turbine can be canted into a
helix, e.g. three blades and a helical twist of 60 degrees. The original designer of the
helical turbine is Ulrich Stampa (Germany patent DE2948060A1, 1979). A. Gorlov
proposed a similar design in 1995 (Gorlov's water turbines). Since the wind pulls each
blade around on both the windward and leeward sides of the turbine, this feature spreads
the torque evenly over the entire revolution, thus preventing destructive pulsations. This
design is used by the Turby, Urban Green Energy, Enessere, Aerotecture and Quiet
Revolution brands of wind turbine.
Fig:-19-Helical Wind Turbine

Introduction
1.6.4. Savonius Wind Turbine
The project we choose is vertical axis wind turbine based on the
Savonius Blade Structure.
Savonius wind turbines are a type of vertical-axis wind turbine
(VAWT), used for converting the force of the wind into torque on a rotating shaft. The
turbine consists of a number of aerofoils, usually—but not always—vertically mounted
on a rotating shaft or framework, either ground stationed or tethered in airborne systems.
The Savonius wind turbine was invented by the Finnish engineer
Sigurd Johannes Savonius in 1922. However, Europeans had been experimenting with
curved blades on vertical wind turbines for many decades before this. The earliest
mention is by the Italian Bishop of Czanad, who was also an engineer. He wrote in his
1616 book Machinae novae about several vertical axis wind turbines with curved or V-
shaped blades. None of his or any other earlier examples reached the state of
development made by Savonius. In his Finnish biography there is mention of his
intention to develop a turbine-type similar to the Flettner-type, but autorotationary. He
experimented with his rotor on small rowing vessels on lakes in his country. The
Savonius turbine is one of the simplest turbines.
Fig:-20-Savonius Wind Turbine
Savonius turbines are used whenever cost or reliability is much
more important than efficiency. Most anemometers are Savonius turbines for this reason,

Introduction
as efficiency is irrelevant to the application of measuring wind speed. Much larger
Savonius turbines have been used to generate electric power on deep-water buoys, which
need small amounts of power and get very little maintenance. Design is simplified
because, unlike with horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs), no pointing mechanism is
required to allow for shifting wind direction and the turbine is self-starting. Savonius and
other vertical-axis machines are good at pumping water and other high torque, low rpm
applications and are not usually connected to electric power grids. They can sometimes
have long helical scoops, to give smooth torque.
The most ubiquitous application of the Savonius wind
turbine is the Flettner Ventilator, which is commonly seen on the roofs of vans and buses
and is used as a cooling device. The ventilator was developed by the German aircraft
engineer Anton Flettner in the 1920s. It uses the Savonius wind turbine to drive an
extractor fan. The vents are still manufactured in the UK by Flettner Ventilator Limited.
Small Savonius wind turbines are sometimes seen used as advertising signs where the
rotation helps to draw attention to the item advertised. They sometimes feature a simple
two- frame animation
1.6.4.a. Principle Of operation
Aerodynamically, it is a drag-type device, consisting of two or three
scoops. Looking down on the rotor from above, a two-scoop machine would look like an
"S" shape in cross section.
Fig:-21-Scoop

Introduction
Because of the curvature, the scoops experience less drag when moving against the wind
than when moving with the wind. The differential drag causes the Savonius turbine to
spin. Because they are drag-type devices, Savonius turbines extract much less of the
wind's power than other similarly-sized lift-type turbines. Much of the swept area of a
Savonius rotor may be near the ground, if it has a small mount without an extended post,
making the overall energy extraction less effective due to the lower wind speeds found at
lower heights.
1.6.4.b. Blade & Non-Blade materials
Blade Materials:
Materials commonly used in wind turbine blades are described below.
Glass and carbon fibers
The stiffness of composites is determined by the stiffness of fibers and
their volume content. Typically, E-glass fibers are used as main reinforcement in the
composites. Typically, the glass/epoxy composites for wind turbine blades contain up to
75% glass by weight. This increases the stiffness, tensile and compression strength. A
promising composite material is glass fiber with modified compositions like S-glass, R-
glass etc. Other glass fibers developed by Owens Corning are ECRGLAS, Advantex and
WindStrand.
Carbon fiber has more tensile strength, higher stiffness and lower density
than glass fiber. An ideal candidate for these properties is the spar cap, a structural
element of a blade which experiences high tensile loading. A 100-m glass fiber blade
could weigh up to 50 metric tons, while using carbon fiber in the spar saves 20% to 30%
weight, about 15 metric tons. However, because carbon fiber is ten times more
expensive, glass fiber is still dominant.
Hybrid reinforcements
Instead of making wind turbine blade reinforcements from pure
glass or pure carbon, hybrid designs trade weight for cost. For example, for an 8 m blade,
a full replacement by carbon fiber would save 80% of weight but increase costs by
150%, while a 30% replacement would save 50% of weight and increase costs by 90%.
Hybrid reinforcement materials include E-glass/carbon, E-glass/aramid. The current

Introduction
longest blade by LM Wind Power is made of carbon/glass hybrid composites. More
research is needed about the optimal composition of materials.
Nano-engineered polymers and composites
Additions of small amount (0.5 weight %) of nanoreinforcement
(carbon nanotubes or nanoclay) in the polymer matrix of composites, fiber sizing or
interlaminar layers can improve fatigue resistance, shear or compressive strength, and
fracture toughness of the composites by 30% to 80%. Research has also shown that
incorporating small amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNT) can increase the lifetime up to
1500%.
Non-blade materials:
Wind turbine parts other than the rotor blades (including the rotor
hub, gearbox, frame, and tower) are largely made of steel. Smaller turbines (as well as
megawatt-scale Enercon turbines) have begun using aluminum alloys for these
components to make turbines lighter and more efficient. This trend may grow if fatigue
and strength properties can be improved. Pre-stressed concrete has been increasingly
used for the material of the tower, but still requires much reinforcing steel to meet the
strength requirement of the turbine. Additionally, step-up gearboxes are being
increasingly replaced with variable speed generators, which requires magnetic materials.
In particular, this would require an greater supply of the rare earth metal neodymium.
Modern turbines use a couple of tons of copper for generators, cables and such. As of
2018, global production of wind turbines use 450,000 tonnes of copper per year.
1.6.4.c. Characteristics Of Savonius blade wind turbine:
Wind Speed:
This is very important to the productivity of a windmill. The wind turbine
only generates power with the wind. The wind rotates the axis and causes the shaft on the
generator to sweep past the magnetic coils creating an electric current.
Blade Length:
This is important because the length of the blade is directly proportional
to the swept area. Larger blades have a greater swept area and thus catch more wind with
each revolution. Because of this, they may also have more torque.

Introduction
Base Height:
The height of the base affects the windmill immensely. The higher a
windmill is, the more productive it will be due to the fact that as the altitude increases so
does the winds speed.
Base Design:
Some base is stronger than others. Base is important in the
construction of the windmill because not only do they have to support the windmill, but
they must also be subject to their own weight and the drag of the wind. If a weak tower is
subject to these elements, then it will surely collapse. Therefore, the base must be
identical so as to insure a fair comparison.
1.6.4.d. Requirement of placement
Site Selection considerations:
The power available in the wind increases rapidly with the speed; hence
wind energy conversion machines should be located preferable in areas where the winds
are strong & persistent. The following point should be considered while selecting site for
Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS).
High annual average wind speed:
The wind velocity is the critical parameter. The power in the wind P w ,
through a given X section area for a uniform wind Velocity is
Pw = KV3
(K is Constant)
It is evident, because of the cubic dependence on wind velocity that small
increases in V markedly affect the power in the wind e.g. doubling V, increases P w by a
factor of 8.
Availability of wind V(t) curve at the proposed site:
This important curve determines the maximum energy in the wind and
hence is the principle initially controlling factor in predicting the electrical o/p and hence
revenue return of the WECS machines, it is desirable to have average wind speed V such
that V≥12-16 km/hr i.e. (3.5 – 4.5 m/sec).

Introduction
Wind structures at the proposed site:
Wind especially near the ground is turbulent and gusty, & changes
rapidly indirection and in velocity. This departure from homogeneous flow is
collectively referred to as ―the structure of the wind.
Altitude of the proposed site:
If affects the air density and thus the power in the wind & hence the
useful WECS electric power o/p. The winds tends to have higher velocities at higher
altitudes.
Local Ecology:
If the surface is bare rock it may mean lower hub heights hence lower
structure cost, if trees or grass or ventation are present. All of which tends to destructure
the wind.
Nature of ground:
Ground condition should be such that the foundations for WECs are
secured, ground surface should be stable.
Favorable land cost:
Land cost should be favorable as this along with other sitting costs,
enters into the total WECS system cost.
1.6.4.e. Advantages of Savonius Turbine
 Simplicity in geometry.
 Easy to Design and install.
 It has high wind collecting capacity.
 Due to less complexity in design, its easier to perform the maintenance in
future.
1.6.4.f. Dis-Advantages of Savonius Turbine
 Large diameter turbines are required for proper power generation.

Introduction
1.6.4.g. Applications of Savonius Turbine
Small Savonius wind turbines are sometimes seen used as advertising
signs where the rotation helps to draw attention to the item advertised.
The most ubiquitous application of the Savonius wind turbine is
the Flettner rotor, which is commonly seen on the roofs of vans and buses and is used as
a cooling device.
 In Highways-
Fig:-32- Installation in Highways
 On Street lights-
Fig:-33-On Street Lights

Introduction
 On Top of Houses-
Fig:-34-On Top of House

Chapter – 2
Literature Review

Literature Review
Dept.of Mech.Engg.,VIIT,Visakhapatnam Page26
Chapter-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of papers
[1] Niranjana.S.J Power Generation by Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, investigated the
power generation by vertical axis wind turbine. In this paper the power is generated by
fixing the wind mill on the road high ways .when the vehicle is passed through the road
at high speed the turbine of the wind mill rotates and generates the power sources. This
analysis indicates that the vertical axis wind turbine can be able to attain the air from all
the direction and produces the power of 1 kilowatt for a movement of 25 m/s. The
efficiency of vertical axis wind turbine can be increases by modifying the size and shape
of the blade.
[2] Abmjit N Roy et al., Design and Fabrication of Vertical Axis Economical wind mill,
analyzed the design and fabrication of vertical axis economical wind mill. This paper
indicates that vertical axis wind mill is one of the most important types of wind mill. In
this main rotor shaft is connected to the wind turbine vertically with the generator and
gear box which can be placed near the ground. The experimental result shows that wind
turbine is placed on the top of the building in an ideal position to produces electricity.
The power generation becomes easy and it is used for various applications such as street
light, domestic purpose, agriculture etc.
[3] D.A. Nikam et al., Literature review on Design and development of vertical axis
wind turbine blade. This paper explains that the wind mill such as vertical and horizontal
wind mill is widely used for energy production. The horizontal wind mill is highly used
for large scale applications which require more space and huge investment. Whereas the
vertical wind mill is suitable for domestic application at low cost. The generation of
electricity is affected by the geometry and orientation of the blade in the wind turbine.
To optimize this by setting the proper parameter for the blade design. The experimental
result indicates that the blade plays critical role in the performance and energy
production of the turbine. The optimized blade parameter and its specification can
improve the generation of electricity.

Literature Review
[4] Altab Hossain et al., Design and development of A 1/3 scale vertical axis wind
turbine for electrical power generation. In this paper the electricity is produce from the
wind mill by wind power and belt power transmission system. The blade and drag
devices are designed in the ratio of 1:3 to the wind turbine. The experiment is conducted
by different wind speed and the power produced by the windmill is calculated. The
experimental result indicates that 567W power produced at the speed of 20 m/s while
709 W power produced at the speed of 25m/s. From this, the power production will
increases when the velocity is high.
[5] M. Abid et al., Design, Development and Testing of a Combined Savonius and
Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine.This paper shows that vertical axis wind mill is
more efficient when compare to horizontal axis wind mill. The darrieus turbine consists
of 3 blades which can start alone at low wind speed. When savonius turbine is attached
on the top of existing wind mill which provide the self-start at low wind speed. The
result indicates that the darrieus vertical axis wind turbine acts as a selfstarter during the
testing. The function required the starting mechanism which can be provided by the
combination of NACA 0030 aerofoil and savonius turbine.
[6] ParthRathod et al., A Review on Combined Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. In this
paper, the increased efficiency is achieved based on the characteristics such as aspect
ratio, tip speed ratio, velocity and other geometry parameter. The experiment is
conducted to increase the power production and efficiency of a wind turbine. The
development of design is optimized by combining the blade structure and the flow
performance. The result indicates that the efficiency of turbine is always based on the
wind speed and climatic conditions. The lowest aspect ratio improves the power
coefficient of the turbine. The power generation of combined rotor is high compare to the
single savonius and darrieus rotor.
[7] KunduruAkhil Reddy et al., A Brief Research, Study, Design and Analysis on
Wind turbine. This paper evaluates the aerodynamic performance of variable speed fixed
pitch horizontal axis wind turbine blade using two and three dimensional computational
fluid dynamics. The primary objective of the paper is to increases the aero dynamic
efficiency of a wind turbine. The blades are designed using different type of airfoils
which are associated with angle of attack. The blade design is responsible for the

Literature Review
efficiency of the wind turbine. The design of the blade is done using Q- blade software.
The result indicates that the power output is determined using blade elemental theory.
The power output of designed blade design is higher when compare to existing design of
the blade.
[8] PiyushGulve et al., Design and Construction of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. This
paper indicates that vertical axis wind turbine is more efficient than horizontal axis wind
turbine because it requires compact space for producing same amount of electricity and
less noise. The result of the paper indicates that the efficiency of wind turbine may
reduce due to manufacturing error and frictional losses. It will be rectified by précising
the design of the blade more aerodynamically.
[9] Young-Tae Lee In article ―Numerical study of the aerodynamic performance of a
500 W Darrieus-type vertical-axis wind turbine studied characteristic and the
performance of a Darrieus-type vertical axis wind turbine with NACA airfoil blades. The
performance of Darrieus-type turbine this can be characterized by torque and power.
Various parameters especially related to blade design affect performance of turbine,
parameters such as chord length, helical angle, pitch angle, and rotor diameter. To
estimate the optimum shape of the Darrieustype wind turbine in accordance with various
design parameters, aerodynamic characteristics and the separated flow occurring in the
vicinity of the blade, the interaction between the flow and the blade, and the torque and
power characteristics is examined in this work.
[10] Bavin Loganathan Investigated a domestic scale vertical axis wind turbine
considering blade geometry with semi-circular shaped blades under a range of wind
speeds during operation. A 16-bladed rotor was initially designed and its torques and
angular speeds were measured over a range of wind speeds using a wind tunnel.
Additionally, a new concept of cowling device was developed to enhance the turbine
efficiency by directing air flow from the rear blades into the atmosphere. Another 8-
bladed rotor was also manufactured to investigate the effect of blade number on the
maximum power generation from turbine. The aerodynamic performance of the cowling
device was also investigated in this study. Maximum power curves as a function of wind
speeds were established for each configuration.

Literature Review
2.2 The Knowledge gap in earlier investigations
The extensive literature survey presented above reveals the following knowledge
gap in the research reported so far:
 The efficiency of vertical axis wind turbine can be increases by modifying the
size and shape of the blade.
 If the wind turbine is placed on the top of the building in an ideal position to
produces electricity. The power generation becomes easy and it is used for
various applications such as street light, domestic purpose, agriculture etc.
 The blade plays critical role in the performance and energy production of the
turbine. The optimized blade parameter and its specification can improve the
generation of electricity.
 When Savonius turbine is attached on the top of existing wind mill which provide
the self-start at low wind speed. The result indicates that the Darrieus vertical
axis wind turbine acts as a self-starter during the testing.
2.3 Objectives of the present work
The knowledge gap in the existing literature summarized above has helped to set the
objectives of this research work which are outlined as follows:
 Fabrication of a blade with GI sheet material to test the working principle and
blades working.
 To study the power calculations at various angles and speed.
 To study the effect of GI sheet material on wind loading conditions.

Methodology
Dept of Mech.Engg, VIIT, Visakhapatnam Page 30
Chapter–3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methodology (Experimentation)
This chapter presents the materials and methods used for the fabrication of
vertical axis wind turbine under study. It presents the new design of blade called as
scoop made with GI sheet. The methodology based on Savonius experimental design is
presented in this work.
3.2. Cad Model of Savonius Blade:
This project replaced the S shape blades with Scoops. There by we designed a
cad model.
Blade Design:
Fig:-22-Savonius Blade Design 1
Fig:-23-Savonius Blade Design 2

Methodology
Shaft Design:
Fig:-24-Shaft Design
Gear Design:
Fig:-25-Gear Design
Link Design:
Fig:-26-Link Design

Methodology
Link Connecting Shaft Design:
Fig:-27-Link Connecting Shaft Design 1
Fig:-28-Link Connecting Shaft Design
Assembled Design:
Fig:-29-Assembled Design

Methodology
Fig:-30-Assembled Design
Exploded View:
Fig:-31-Exploded View Design
3.3. Materials
3.3.1 GI sheet
GI was invented in the 1820s in Britain by Henry Robinson Palmer, architect and
engineer to the London Dock Company. It was originally made from wrought iron. It
proved to be light, strong, corrosion-resistant, and easily transported, and particularly
lent itself to prefabricated structures and improvisation by semi-skilled workers. It soon
became a common construction material in rural areas in the United States, Chile, New
Zealand and Australia and later India, and in Australia and Chile also became (and
remains) a common roofing material even in urban areas. In Australia and New Zealand

Methodology
particularly it has become part of the cultural identity, and fashionable architectural use
has become common. GI is also widely used as building material in African slums and
informal settlements.
For roofing purposes, the sheets are laid somewhat like tiles, with a lateral overlap of one
and half corrugations, and a vertical overlap of about 150 millimetres (5.9 in), to provide
for waterproofing. GI is also a common construction material for industrial buildings
throughout the world.
Wrought iron GI was gradually replaced by mild steel from around the 1890s, and iron
GI is no longer obtainable but the common name has not been changed. Galvanized
sheets with simple corrugations are also being gradually displaced by 55% Al-Zn coated
steel or coil-painted sheets with complex profiles. GI remains common.
Galvanised iron or steel (colloquially corrugated iron (near universal), wriggly tin (taken
from UK military slang), pailing (in Caribbean English), corrugated sheet metal (in
North America) and occasionally abbreviated GI) is a building material composed of
sheets of hot-dip galvanised mild steel, cold-rolled to produce a linear corrugated pattern
in them. Although it is still popularly called "iron" in the UK, the material used is
actually steel (which is iron alloyed with carbon for strength, commonly 0.3% carbon),
and only the surviving vintage sheets may actually be made up of 100% iron. The
corrugations increase the bending strength of the sheet in the direction perpendicular to
the corrugations, but not parallel to them, because the steel must be stretched to bend
perpendicular to the corrugations. Normally each sheet is manufactured longer in its
strong direction.
GI is lightweight and easily transported. It was and still is widely used especially in rural
and military buildings such as sheds and water tanks. Its unique properties were used in
the development of countries like Australia from the 1840s, and it is still
helping developing countries today.
3.3.2 Alloy Steel
Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in
total amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties.
Alloy steels are broken down into two groups: low alloy steels and high alloy steels. The
difference between the two is disputed. Smith and Hashemi define the difference at

Methodology
4.0%, while Degarmo, et al., define it at 8.0%. Most commonly, the phrase "alloy steel"
refers to low-alloy steels.
Strictly speaking, every steel is an alloy, but not all steels are
called "alloy steels". The simplest steels are iron (Fe) alloyed with carbon (C) (about
0.1% to 1%, depending on type). However, the term "alloy steel" is the standard term
referring to steels with other alloying elements added deliberately in addition to the
carbon.
The following is a range of improved properties in alloy steels-
Strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, hardenability,
and hot hardness. To achieve some of these improved properties the metal may
require heat treating.
Some of these find uses in exotic and highly-demanding applications, such as in the
turbine blades of the jet engines, in spacecraft, and in nuclear reactors. Because of
the ferromagnetic properties of iron, some steel alloys find important applications where
their responses to magnetism are very important, including in electric motors and
in transformers.
3.4. Fabricating process of the Blade
 Lines are drawn on sheet metal with a scribe or scratch awl, coupled with a steel
scale or a straightedge. To obtain the best results in scribing, first cover the area
to be scribed in a very thin layer of layout dye, then hold the scale or straightedge
firmly in place and set the point of the scriber as close to the edge of the scale as
possible by angling the top of the scriber outward. Then exert just enough
pressure on the point to draw the line, tilting the tool slightly in the direction of
movement.
 A flat steel square is used for making perpendicular or parallel lines. In the
method of layout known as parallel line development, the flat steel square is used
to create lines that are parallel to each other as well as perpendicular to the base
line.

Methodology
 To construct angles other than 45 degrees or 90 degrees, you will need a
protractor. A protractor is a semicircular instrument with degree markings from
0° to 180°.
 A prick punch is used to mark the beginning or end of a desired line or cut. The
tip of a prick punch has a 30°-60° angle. The point is placed on the desired spot,
and then it is either pressed or hammered to indent the sheet metal. The prick
punch prevents overdrawing or over-scoring the lines.
 Use dividers to scribe arcs and circles, to transfer measurements from a scale to
your layout, and to transfer measurements from one part of the layout to another.
Careful setting of the dividers is of utmost importance. When you transfer a
measurement from a scale to the work, set one point of the dividers on the mark
and carefully adjust the other leg to the required length.
 Various types of hand snips and hand shears are used for cutting and notching
sheet metal. All of the snips, shears, and nibblers are either manual or power
operated. Hand snips are necessary because the shape, construction, location, and
position of the work to be cut frequently prevent the use of machine-cutting tools.
 Metal stakes allow the sheet metal artisan to make an assortment of bends by
hand. Stakes come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The work is done on the
heads or the horns of the stakes. They are machined, polished, and, in some cases,
hardened Stakes are used for finishing many types of work; therefore, they should
NOT be used to back up work when using a chisel.
 When forming cylinders and conical shapes, no sharp bends are required; instead,
a gradual curve is formed in the metal until the ends meet. Roll forming machines
were developed to accomplish this task. The simplest method of forming these
shapes is on the slip roll-forming machine. Three rolls do the forming The two
front rolls are the feed rolls and can be adjusted to accommodate various
thicknesses of metal. The rear roll, also adjustable, gives the section the desired
curve. The top roll pivots up to permit the cylinder to be removed without danger
of distortion.

Methodology
 Edges are formed to enhance the appearance of the work, to strengthen the piece,
and to eliminate the cutting hazard of the raw edge. The kind of edge that you use
on any job will be determined by the purpose, by the sire, and by the strength of
the edge needed.
 The rear roll, also adjustable, gives the section the desired curve. The top roll
pivots up to permit the cylinder to be removed without danger ofdistortion.
 Many kinds of seams are used to join sheet metal sections. When developing the
pattern, ensure you add adequate material to the basic dimensions to make the
seams. The folds can be made by hand; however, they are made much more
easily on a bar folder or brake. The joints can be finished by soldering / riveting.
3.5. Blade Testing
The blades are tested by using the vernier callipers to check the thickness
i.e. the gauge of the sheet material.

Chapter – 4
Result &
Discussions

Result & Discussions
Dept of Mech.Engg ;VIIT; Visakhapatnam Page 38
Chapter-4 RESULT & DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Materials used
S.No Component Material Strength Durability
1 Blade GI Sheet High Low
2 Shaft Alloy Steel High Low
3 Gear Alloy Steel High Low
4.2. Blade Design
 GI sheet used – 20 gauge – 0.81 mm
 Length of Blade – 17.2” – 438 mm
 Center to outer tip of blade – 16.5” - 419mm
On aligning the two blades in single plane with gears,
 Length from outer tip of blade to another tip of blade – 22” – 558mm
 Two blades center to center – 10” – 254 mm
4.3. Shaft Design
 Shaft Diameter – 8mm
 Shaft Length – 2 feet – 610mm
4.4. Gear Design
 Outer diameter of gear – 12” – 305 mm
 Inner Diameter of gear – 10” – 254 mm

Dept. of Mech.Engg,VIIT,Visakhapatnam Page 39
4.5. Design Specifications
Generator
Generator type DC generator
Electric Transmission Brushless
Turbine Blade
Blade Type Scoop
No. of Blades 6
No. of Pairs 3
Alignment Vertical
4.6. Observation Table
S.No. Wind speed in m/s Shaft speed in RPM
1 20 106.10
2 21 111.40
3 23 122.01
4 25 132.62
S.No.
Speed
(rpm)
Voltage
(Volts)
Current
(Ampere)
Power
(Watts)
1 106.10 4.39 1.86 8.4478
2 111.40 4.64 2.28 9.779
3 122.01 5.73 2.37 12.847
4 132.62 6.14 2.98 16.499

4.7. Power Calculations
The wind turbine works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the wind
to mechanical energy. The kinetic energy of any particle is equal to one half its mass
times the square of its velocity,
K.E= 1/2mv2 ..................................................
(1)
Where,
K.E = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity,
M is equal to its Volume multiplied by its density ρ of air
M = ρAV ............................. (2)
Substituting eq. (2) in eq. (1)
We get,
K E = 1/2ρAV.V2
K E = 1/2ρAV3
watts.
Considering turbine efficiency as 25% and generator efficiency 85%, also the
power coefficient as 0.59.
Where,
A= swept area of turbine
A=2*pi*r*l
Where r = radius of blade = 254mm
l = length of blade = 438mm
so, A= 2*(22/7)*254*438 = 699016.93mm2
i.e., 0.6986m2
.
ρ= density of air
(1.225 kg/m3 )
V=wind velocity.

 P = (1/2ρAV3
)*(power co-efficient)*(blade efficiency)*(generatorefficiency)
1kmph = 5/18 m/s
[1] At 20 kmph:-
V= 20kmph= 100/18 m/s
P= 0.5*1.125*0.6986*(100/18)^3*0.59*0.25*0.85
= 804478w.
[2] At 21 kmph:-
V= 21kmph= 105/18 m/s
P= 0.5*1.125*0.6986*(105/18)^3*0.59*0.25*0.85
= 9.779w.
[3] At 23 kmph:-
V= 23kmph= 115/18 m/s
P= 0.5*1.125*0.6986*(115/18)^3*0.59*0.25*0.85
= 12.847w.
[4] At 25 kmph:-
V= 25kmph= 125/18 m/s
P= 0.5*1.125*0.6986*(125/18)^3*0.59*0.25*0.85
= 16.499w.

Chapter – 5
Conclusions &
Future Scope of work

Dept of Mech.Engg; VIIT; Visakhapatnam Page 42
Conclusions & Future Scope of Work
chapter-5 CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
5.1 Conclusions
The study on the vertical axis wind turbine using Savonius blade led to the following
conclusions:
 Fabrication of GI sheet into the blade into no of pairs and placed in different angles
and also placed in opposite angles in a pair to run in less or high wind conditions has
been done successfully.
 Also rotating of blades in any direction i.e. in clockwise & anti-clockwise has been
done successfully.
 The main concept for designing these type of blades is to open and close of blades in
heavy and low wind conditions is done successfully.
 It can be shifted to remote areas and it has easy mobility and can be installed in every
places like on the top of building, middle of the highways, on hospitals, etc…
 By the low winds also it can be able to rotate the blades by the help of low speed
bearings.
 This vertical axis wind turbine generates the optimum power of 9.8watts at the usual
speed of 21kmph of wind.
5.2 Scope for Future work
 As this is proposed model it is built at very low cost. Instead of GI sheet, if Fiber
Reinforce Plastic (FRP) is used it will yield to more output.
 The Word hybrid means a thing which is made by the combination of more than one
element. In energy system, electricity can be produced by more than one source at a
time like Wind, solar, biomass etc. There are various methods to generate hybrid
energy like wind-solar, Solar- diesel, Wind- hydro and Wind –diesel.
 Among the above listed hybrid energy generation module the wind- Solar hybrid
module are more crucial because it is available abundant in nature and it is also very
much environment friendly. The hybridization in India has large prospect because
over 75 % of Indian household face the problem like power cut specially in summer.

Dept. of Mech.Engg; VIIT; Visakhapatnam Page 43
Conclusions & Future Scope of Work
So solar panel can be installed on the top of the turbine so that the efficiency
increases.
 Development of effective alternator and dynamos can be used to wind energy from
relatively small winds.
 By setting different angles at different speed of the turbine can also be done as a
future work or scope

References
Chapter-6 REFERENCES
[1] Niranjana.S.J “Power Generation by Vertical Axis Wind Turbine”, International
Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology ISSN: 2278-9359,
Volume-4, Issue-7, 2015.
[2] Mr.Abhijit N Roy, Mr.SyedMohiuddin “Design and Fabrication of Vertical Axis
Economical wind mill”, International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in
Computing and Communication, ISSN: 2321-8169, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 133 – 139,
2015.
[3] D. A. Nikam, S. M. Kherde “Literature review on design and development of
vertical axis wind turbine blade”, International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622, 156-161, 2015.
[4] Altab Hossain, A.K.M.P. Iqbal, Ataur Rahman, M. Arifin, M. Mazian, “Design
and Development of A 1/3 Scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Electrical Power
Generation”, Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering (JUEE), ISSN 1982-
3932, volume: 1 Issue:2, 53-60, 2007.
[5] M. Abid, K. S. Karimov, H. A. Wajid, F. Farooq, H. Ahmed, O. H. Khan, “
Design, Development and Testing of a Combined Savonius and Darrieus Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine”, Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment, ISSN: 2079-2115,
volume: 6, Issue:1, 1-4, 2015.
[6] ParthRathod, KapilKhatik, Ketul Shah , Het Desai , Jay Shah, “A Review on
Combined Vertical Axis Wind Turbine”, International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2347-6710, volume: 5,
Issue:4, 5748-5754, 2016.
[7] KunduruAkhil Reddy, KalyanDagamoori, ArimalaParamasivamSruthi,
SaiApurva.N,Nimmala Naga Maha Lakshmi Naidu, A.Vamsi Krishna Reddy, Beri

References
Rajesh, KudaKiran Kumar, ChithaluriShivasri, SumamaYaqub Ali, “A Brief
Research, Study, Design and Analysis on Wind turbine”, International journal of
modern Engineeringresearch(IJMER), ISSN: 2249–6645, volume: 5, Issue: 10, 5-30,
2015.
[8] PiyushGulve, Dr. S.B.Barve, “Design and Construction of Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET),
ISSN 0976 – 6340, volume: 5, Issue: 10, 148-155, 2014.
[9] Young-Tae Lee, Hee-Chang, Lim Numerical study of the aerodynamic
performance of a 500 W Darrieus-type vertical-axis wind turbine‖,School of
Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-Dong,
Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735.
[10] Bavin Loganathan, Harun Chowdhury, Israt Mustary and Firoz Alam, An
experimental study of a cyclonic vertical axis wind turbine for domestic scale power
generation‖ School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT
University, Melbourne, 3083.
***

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