Storage pest and its control is a topic from food storage engineering. The presentation gives clear picture about which all insects, pest that can cause damages to the food during storage and its preventive measures. It also has a brief explanation on Fumigations and Seed Coating.
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Storage Pests and Its Control.pptx
1. University of Agricultural Sciences.
College of Community Science Dharwad.
B-Tech Food Technology.
Food Storage Engineering (FEG- 302)
Topic :- Storage pests and control : Damage due to storage
insects and pests, its control, seed coating, fumigations;
Damage caused by rodents, birds and its control
Presented by
Sahana Yaragatti
2. Topics to be covered
• Introduction to storage pests and control.
• Damage due to insects and pests.
• Measures to control insects and pests.
• Seed coating and fumigation.
• Damage due to rodents ,birds and its control.
4. • Storage pest is an insect or rodents or other animal that
damages or destroys stored food grains or other stored
valuable organic matter. Pests cause losses because they
can eat, spoil or contaminate the whole or milled grain.
What are the main pests in storage?
• Insects
• Rodents
• Birds
6. • The major economic loss caused by grain infesting insects.
• Insects not only contaminate the actual stored grains that
they consume, but also the amount contamination by them
by their excreta which make food unfit for human
consumption.
• There are about 500 species of insects have been associated
with stored grain products. Nearly 100 species of insect pests
of stored products cause economic losses
Storage insect pests are categorized into two types
• Primary storage pests : Internal and External feeders
• Secondary storage pests
7. Primary storage pests
• Primary grain pests attack the whole grain. The eggs are laid
outside the grain, before the larve mature inside the grain and
then chew their way out. Some of these pests include the
Lesser grain borer.
• Crops can be completely destroyed or damaged affecting the
quality of the crop and the ability to germinate new ones, by
decreasing the protein content and removing the seeds from
the grains.
• Primary insects are a bigger problem than secondary insects.
Primary insects damage the grain more than secondary insects
because they eat the inside of the grain first.
• Some examples :- Granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius),
Wheat weevil and Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae).
8. 1.Rice weevil
• Scientific names :-Sitophilus oryzae, S. zeamais, S.granarius.
• Grains that are affected :- Wheat, rice, maize, jowar, paddy, rye, oats, barley.
• Damage symptoms :-Both grub and adults cause the damage grains. By hollowing
out kernels and reducing them to mere powder. Adults cut circular holes in the
grains which generate heat .The heating takes place during heavy infestation,
which is known as ‘dry heating’.
How to identify these insects…?
• Egg -Translucent white, plugs the egg hole with gelatinous secretion, laid singly on
grains.
• Grub - White with yellowish brown head, apodous, fleshy, curved, remains within
the grain
• Pupa -Pupates inside the grain.
• Adult - Small, reddish brown to chocolate coloured weevils has characteristic
snout, and the elytra have four yellow spot
9.
10. 2.Khapra beetle
• Scientific name :- Trogoderma granarium
• Grains that are affected :- Wheat, maize, jowar, rice, pulses, oil seeds and their
cakes.
• Damage symptoms :- Adults are harmless. Grub damages the grain starting with
germ portion, surface scratching and devouring the grain.It reduces the grain into
frass. Excessive moulting results in loss of market value due to insanitation caused
by the cast skin, frass and hair. Crowding of larvae leads to unhygienic conditions
in warehouses. Damage is confined to peripheral layers of bags in bulk storage.
How to indentify insect pest…?
• Egg - Eggs are laid on the grains or crevices
• Grub - Grub is straw coloured with dark brown hairy bands on each segment
and typical posterior tuft forming a tail of long hairs. It is active, move and feed
freely.
• Pupa -Pupation takes place on the surface of the grain in bulk and overlapping
edges of bags.
• Adult -Reddish brown, convex, oval in shape with practically no distinct
division of head, thorax and abdomen. Abdomen size is comparatively larger.
11.
12. 3.Lesser grain borer/ paddy borer beetle
• Scientific names :- Rhyzopertha dominica
• Grains that are affected :- Paddy, rice, wheat, maize.
• Damage symptoms :- Grubs and adults cause damage and are voracious
feeders.Adults reduce the grain kernels to mere frass. Grubs eat their way into the
grain or feed on the grain dust and are capable of attacking grain externally.
How to identify insect pest…?
• Egg - Eggs are laid on the surface or on the interstices of cereal grains singly or in
clusters.
• Grub - White, apodous with brown head, free living upto 3rd instar.
• Pupa - Grub enters the grain after 3rd instar for pupation.
• Adult - Brown to blackish beetle, head is deflexed down wards below prothorax to
such an extent that it is almost hidden in a dorsal view. Antenna clubbed with large
loose three segments.
13.
14. 4.Angoumois grain moth or Grain moth
• Scientific name :- Sitotroga cerealella
• Grains that are affected :- Paddy, maize, jowar, barley and wheat (rarely).
• Damage symptoms :- Larvae damage grains, adults being harmless. Grains are
hollowed out. It attacks both in fields and stores. In stored bulk grain, infestation
remains confined to upper 30 cms depth only. Caterpillar enters the grain through
crack or abrasion on grain. It feeds inside and remains in a single grain only.
How to identify insect pests…?
• Egg -White eggs on the surface of damp grains in stores or fields, which soon
become red.
• Larva - White with yellow head.
• Pupa - Pupates in cocoon inside the grain.
• Adult - Dirty yellowish brown with narrow pointed wings completely folded over
back in a sloping manner.
15.
16. 5.Pulse beetle
• Scientific name :- Callosobruchus chinensis, C. maculatus
• Grains that are affected :- All whole pulses, beans and grams.
• Damage symptoms :- Grubs eat up the grain kernel and make a cavity.
Adults come out making exit holes.
How to identify insect pest….?
• Egg - Laid singly, glued to the surface of the pod (in fields) or on grains (in
stores). Fresh eggs are translucent, orange cream in colour, changing to
grayish white with age.
• Grub -Fleshy, curved, creamy white in colour with black mouth parts.
• Pupa - Pupation takes place in a pupal cell prepared beneath the seed coat.
• Adult - Brownish grey beetle with characteristic elevated ivory like spots
near the middle of the dorsal side.It is small, short, and active with long
conspicuous serrate antenna.These are short lived, it is harmless and do not
feed on storage produce at all.
17.
18. 6.Tamarind/Peanut bruchid
• Scientific name :- Caryedon serratus
• Grains that are affected :- Tamarind,Peanut.
• Damage symptoms :- Grub causes the damage.Circular hole on fruits and
seeds of tamarind both in tree and storage.
How to identify insect pest….?
• Egg - Laid singly, glued to the surface of the pod (in fields) or on grains (in
stores). Fresh eggs are translucent, orange cream in colour, changing to greyish
white with age.
• Grub -Fleshy, curved, creamy white in colour with black mouth parts.
• Pupa - Pupation takes place in a pupal cell prepared beneath the seed coat.
• Adult: Small grey coloured beetle.
19.
20. Secondary Storage Pest
• Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is
going out of condition. Damaged grain kernels have exposed
endosperm that is accessible food for insects and fungi.
• The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the
grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be
implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in
quality.
• Secondary insects eat the grain from the outside first hence
secondary insects are not more bigger problem when
compared to primary insects.
• Some examples :-Rust red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum) ,
Long headed flour beetle: Latheticus oryzae
21. 1.Rust red flour beetle
• Scientific names :- Tribolium castaneum
• Grains that are affected :- Broken grains/ mechanically damaged grains, germ
portion and milled products.
• Damage symptoms :- Grubs feed on milled products. Flour beetles are secondary
pests of all grains and primary pests of flour and other milled products.In grains,
embryo or germ portion is preferred. They construct tunnels as they move through
flour and other granular food products.In addition they release gaseous quinines to
the medium, which may produce a readily identifiable acid odour in heavy
infestations.
How to identify insect pest…?
• Egg - White, translucent, sticky, slender and cylindrical.
• Grub -Worm like, whitish cream colour, faint stripes, two spines like appendages at
the end segment.
• Pupa - Pupa remains loosely lying in the grain and is naked.
• Adult - Oblong, flat, brown in colour. In T.confusum, the compound eyes are
completely notched and antennae are not gradually thickened whereas in
T.castaneum, the notch is not complete and antennae have a clear 3-segmented club.
22.
23. 2.Long headed flour beetle
• Scientific names :- Latheticus oryzae
• Grains that are affected :- Cereal flours, packaged food, rice and rice
products, grains with excessive dust, dockage and broken grains with high
moisture contents preferred.
• Damage symptoms :- Both grubs and adults feed.
How to identify insect pest ….?
• Egg -White, smooth, cylindrical eggs at random in grain and seams of the
bags.
• Grub - Active grub feeds voraciously.
• Pupa- Pupa is naked.
• Adult- Light brown with elongated body, resembles Tribolium sp.
Antennae shorter than head, 11 segmented with 5 clubbed apical segments.
24. 3.Saw toothed grain beetle
• Scientific name :- Oryzaephilus surinamensis
• Grains that are affected :- Rice, wheat, maize, cereal products, oil seeds and dry
fruits.
• Damage symptoms :- Adults and grub cause roughening of grain surface and off
odour in grain.Grains with higher percentage of broken, dockage and foreign matter
sustain heavy infestation, which leads to heating of grain.
How to identify insect pest…?
• Egg: Whitish eggs laid loosely in cracks of storage receptacles or godowns.
• Grub: Grub is slender, pale cream with two slightly darker patches on each
segment.
• Pupa: Full grown grub makes protective cocoon like covering with sticky
secretion.
• Adult: Narrow, flattened, thorax having six teeth like serrations on each side.
Antenna clubbed. Elytra cover abdomen completely.
25. 4.Rice moth
• Scientific name :- Corcyra cephalonica
• Grains that are affected :- rice, jowar, other millets, whole cereals, cereal
products, pulses, processed products of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, nuts, dry fruits
and milled spices.
• Damage symptoms :- Larva is only responsible for damage.It contaminates food
grains with frass, moults and dense webbing.In whole grains, kernels are bound into
lumps upto 2 kg.
How to identify insect pest…?
• Egg: Small, oval, elliptical laid on wall, bags or on grain.
• Larva:Creamy white has prothoracic shield.
• Pupa:It webs silken shelter before pupation. In case of heavy infestation cocoons
may be seen sticking to the grain bags. Cocoon dense white and tough.
• Adult:Pale buff brown colour, forewings pale yellowish green and grey white hind
wings.
26.
27. 5.Fig or Almond or Warehouse moth
• Scientific name :- Ephestia cautella
• Grains that are affected :- Wheat, rice, maize, jowar, groundnuts, spices.
• Damage symptoms :- Larva feeds on germ portion leaving the rest of the kernel
undamaged.In bulk infestation its damage is limited to peripheral top layers
only.Web formation covers the bags, floor-space and mill machinery thereby
leading to clogging in mills.
How to identify insect pest…?
• Egg: Eggs are laid in grains exposed at the sampling tube spots in jute bags.
• Larva: Greyish white, hairy with dark brown head with 2 dark areas on the first
segment behind the head.
• Pupa: Spins silken cocoon at the time of pupation.
• Adult: Dirty white to greyish in colour with indistinct black bands.
28.
29. 6.Indian meal moth
• Scientific name :- Plodia interpunctella
• Grains that are affected :- Maize, cereals, dry fruits, groundnuts and cereal
products.
• Damage symptoms :- Larva causes serious damage to grain of maize; contaminates
the grain with excreta, cast skins, webbings, dead individuals and cocoons; prefers
to eat the germ portion and hence grains lose viability.It feeds superficially but may
construct more than one silken tunnel.
How to identify insect pest….?
• Egg: Greyish white with granular surface, laid indiscriminately at night.
• Larva:Transparent, dirty white, skin is granular with hairy body.
• Pupa: Straw coloured, changes colour to greyish with age, in silken cocoon.
• Adult: Forewing basal half silver white or greyish, outer 2/3 portion is reddish
copper bronze, lustre with irregular bands.
30.
31.
32. Management of Storage Pests
Management of Storage Pests
Curative measures
Preventive measures
33. Preventive measures
• Brush the cracks, crevices and corners to remove all debris in the
godown.
• Clean and maintain the threshing floor/yard free from insect
infection and away from the vicinity of villages.
• Clean the machines like harvester and thresher before their use.
• Made the trucks, trolleys or bullock carts free from infestation.
• Clean the godowns / storage structures before storing the newly
harvested crop to eliminate various bio stages of pest hiding.
• Provide a metal sheet upto a height of 25 cm at the bottom of the
wood in doors to arrest the entry of insects.
• Fix up wire meshes to windows, ventilators, gutters, drains etc.,
to prevent entry of insects.
34. • Remove and destroy dirt, rubbish, sweepings and webbings etc from the
stores.
• Close all the rat burrows found in godown with a mixture of broken
glass pieces and mud plastered with mud/ cement.
• Plaster the cracks, crevices, holes found on walls, and floors with mud
or cement and white wash the stores before storing of grains.
• Provide dunnage leaving gangway or alleyway of 0.75 to 1 m all around
to maintain good storage condition.
• Store the food grains in insect and moisture proof storage structures.
• Disinfest the storage structures receptacles by spraying malathion 50 EC
@ 3 lit 100 m before their use.
35. Curative measures
i) Ecological methods
• Manipulate the ecological factors like temperature, moisture content and oxygen
through design and construction of storage structures/ godown and storage to create
ecological conditions unfavourable for attack by insects.
• Temperature above 42̊C and below 15̊ C retards reproduction and development of
insect while prolonged temperature above 45̊ C and below 100 ̊C may kill the
insects.
• Dry the produce to have moisture content below 10% to prevent the buildup of pests.
• Kill the pests bio stages harbored in the storage bags, bins etc, by drying in the sun
light.
• Store the grains at around 10 % moisture content to escape from the insects attack.
• Manipulate and reduce oxygen level by 1% to increase the CO2 level automatically,
which will be lethal to all the stages of insects.
36. ii) Physical methods
• Provide a super heating system by infrared heaters in the floor mills and food
processing plants and at storage structures to obtain effective control of
pests since mostly the stored produce insects die at 55 –60C in 10 – 20
minutes.
• Modify the storage atmosphere to generate low oxygen (2.4% and to develop
high carbon di oxide (9.0 – 9.5%) by adding CO2 to control the insects.
• Do not mix synthetic insecticides with grains meant for consumption.
• Grain purpose: Mix 1 kg activated kaolin for every 100 kg of grain and store.
To protect the pulse grains, mix activated kaolin at the above dosage or any
one of the edible oils at 1 kg for every 100 kg of grain or mix 1 kg of neem
seed kernel for every 100 kg of cereal / pulse and store.
37. iii) Cultural methods
• Split and store pulses to escape from the attack by pulse beetle
since it prefers to attack whole pulses and not split ones.
• Store the food grains in air tight sealed structures to prevent the
infestation by insects.
iv) Mechanical methods
• Sieve and remove all broken grains to eliminate the condition
which favour storage pests.
• Stitch all torn out bags before filling the grains.
38. v) Chemical methods
• Do not spray the insecticides directly on food grains.
• Use knock down chemicals like lindane smoke generator or fumigant
strips pyrethrum spray to kill the flying insects and insects on surfaces,
cracks and crevices.
• Use seed protectants like pyrethrum dust, carbaryl dust to mix with grains
meant for seed purposes only.
• Decide the need for shed fumigation based on the intensity of infestation.
• Check the black polythene sheets or rubberized aluminium covers for
holes and get them ready for fumigation.
• Coat the grains with help of polymers to avoid infestation and extend
vaibility.
39. Fumigation
• Fumigation is a treatment that rids stored grain of insects by means of a
poisonous gas called a fumigant.
• This substance, produced and concentrated as a gas, is lethal for specific
living species. Unlike contact powders, the fumigant penetrates to the
interior of the grain mass and reaches the largely invisible incipient forms
(eggs, larvae) developing there.
• Fumigants spread throughout the area where released, therefore, used in
totally sealed enclosure. Thus, when grain stored in bulk is fumigated, the
bins must be perfectly airtight.
• For grain stored in bags, the usual method is to cover the bags with a
tarpaulin whose edges are sealed to the ground or the walls.
• The effectiveness of fumigation depends, on the one hand, on the actual
concentration of the gas and, on the other, on the length of time during
which the grain is fumigated.
40. • Fumigation does not affect the germinability of seeds and
therefore, can safely be used for storage of seeds also.
• Fumigation is inflammable at normal temperature, so proper
care should be taken at the time of its application.
• Depending on weather methyl bromide or phosphine is used,
the duration of fumigation should be 24–48 hours for methyl
bromide, or a minimum of five days for phosphine.
• As fumigants are very poisonous to people and therefore the
staff that is to use them must be carefully trained in their
application. For all these treatments, it is important to
scrupulously observe the recommended protective and safety
measures (masks, gloves, hand-washing, hermetic sealing of
phosphine containers, etc.).
• Phosphine application is in the form of pellets spread
throughout the grain mass.
41. Which fumigants to use?
Generally two types of fumigants are available for fumigation purposes in
grain storage .
• Methyl bromide: It has a quick action and the grains can be aerated after 12-24
hours of its application. However, it is highly toxic, colourless and odourless,
has residual effect in the grain and accumulates in the human body. For this
reason, methyl bromide should not be used as a fumigant in grain storage
programme.
• Magnesium or Aluminium phosphide : Gas released from this chemical is
known as Phosphine. This fumigant has a small molecular weight (34.04) and
thereby has excellent penetration capacity. The weight of phosphine gas is
similar to that of air, so it easily gets mixed with air and spreads all along the
stored grains. This eliminates the need to have re-circulating fans to circulate
the air. This is very effective against most pests but does affect taste or smell of
the fumigated grain. At the same time, it leaves no residues on the grain, so it
can safely be used for food grains.
43. Polymer Coating
What is Polymer Coating ?
It is the process of coating the seeds with polymers of
different colours along with nutrients and plant protectants to
increase the aesthetic values of the seed with required benefits.
Methodology
• Coat the seeds with polykote (3 g + 5ml water / kg) after
proper dilution
• Mix fungicide (2g/ Kg) and pesticide ( 2 ml / Kg) with the
polykote to increase the resistance to the pest and diseases.
• Shade the seed before using / storing.
44. Benefits of seed coating
• Polykote gives uniform colour and shape to the seeds and also
increases5 to 10 percent of germination and vigour index.
• Improved seedling emergence and vigour.
• Protection against pest and disease during storage.
• Free from environment pollution.
• Avoid wastage of seed treating chemicals.
• Polykote can be used for all agricultural and horticultural
crops.
48. Damage due to rodents and its control.
• The second most important pest in grain storage is rodents.
Rodents invade and multiply in or near storage places, where
food is available in abundance.
• It causes serious damage not only to stored products but also
to packaging and even to storage buildings. The principal
rodents, those most common and likely to attack stored
products like grains belong to the following species:
• Black rat, also called roof rat (Rattus rattus)
• Brown or Norway rat, also called sewer rat (Rattus
norvegicus)
• Mouse (Mus musculus)
50. • Rodents not only feed on the grains but also contaminate more
than 20% what consumed with their faeces, urine and hair.
Prolonged attacks by these pests inevitably results in serious
quantitative losses, up to 3-4%, of stored products.
• These losses must be added to those arising from the decrease
in quality of the foodstuffs, caused by the filth (excrement,
secretions) rodents leave behind in the stored products. This
contamination is as important from the marketing standpoint
as it is for hygiene and health.
• Indeed, rodents are often the vectors of a number of
serious diseases like rabies, leptospirosis etc.
51. • Rats live in all our dwelling places. They eat food grains and
seeds that are stored in the house and also in the storage
godown.
• They shed droppings on the grain while they are eating it and
can also spread diseases like plague, rat fever etc., in human
beings which are quite dangerous.
• There are a variety of rats which cause damage to stored
products. They are the house rat, house mouse, Norway rat,
smaller bandicoot and larger bandicoot.
• A variety of physical, mechanical and cultural techniques can
be followed for its control. Percentage of damage caused by
rodents during storage is 2.50%.
53. Damage due to birds and its control.
• About 0.85% of loss of grains at storage level is caused by
birds. Birds cause appreciable damage in fields and also in
stores.
• They are also responsible for spoilage, contamination with
excreta, feathers and dead bodies in fields and godowns. They
create a great nuisance and unhygienic condition in
warehouses.
• Godowns can be made bird proof by equipping windows,
ventilators and other entries with wire meshes. Strips of nylon
or polythene can also be used for scaring birds near the
godowns.
• Remove the nests of the house sparrow or pigeon found near
the storage area. the Grey Partridge, Blue Rock Pigeon and
House Sparrow were found to inflict most damage to crops.
