In digital Electronics, NAND gate is a logic gate which has the output LOW if all the inputs are HIGH. For example, if we pass only HIGH inputs to the NAND gate then its output will be LOW, otherwise if one of the inputs is LOW the output will become HIGH.

2. SUBMITTED TO
MA’AM RABIA
Applied Entomology
SUBMITTED BY:
HAMZA HANEEF (19204010-004)

3. Pests of stored grains

4. Pests of stored grains
Contents
 Introduction
 Categories
 Primary storage pests
 Secondary storage pests
 Management of storage pests
 Reference

5. Blotting Techniques
 Stored grain insects may cause a serious threat to grain and
seed stored for several months.
 Significant loss in both grain and seed quality and quantity may
occur.
 It has been estimated that between one quarter and one third of
the world grain crop is lost each year during storage. Much of
this is due to insect attack.
 Many grain pests preferentially eat out grain embryos, thereby
reducing the protein content of feed grain and lowering the
percentage of seeds which germinate.
 Nearly 100 species of insect pests of stored products cause
economic losses

6. Blotting Techniques
 Primary storage pests
• Primary grain pests attack the whole grain. The eggs are laid
inside the grain, before the larvae mature inside the grain and
then chew their way out.
 Internal feeders
 External feeders
 Secondary storage pests
• Secondary grain insects feed on broken grain and any powder
products left as a result of the broken grain.

7. Blotting Techniques
 Internal feeders
 Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae)
• Host range: Rice, sorghum, wheat, barley, maize
• The adult rice weevil has an orange-black exoskeleton
• lays up to 450 eggs in pores of the damaged grains with each
hatched egg further damaging the grain from the inside.
• maturation also happens inside the grain with the matured adult
rice weevil eating through the husk of the grain to get out.

8. Blotting Techniques
• The life cycle of rice weevils in summer months (approximately
one month) and adult weevils live up to 8 months after the
experience their life cycle.
• The developing larva lives and feeds inside the grain causing
irregular holes of 1.5 mm diameter on grains of rice and in
storage. The weevils destroy more than what they eat.

9. Blotting Techniques
 Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica)
• Host range: Wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, barley, lentils, army
biscuits, ship biscuits, stored, dried potatoes, corn flour, beans,
pumpkin seeds, tamarind seeds and millets.
• The lesser grain borer has a dark colored cylindrical structure
with the head concealed.
• When lesser grain borer eggs are laid, they are laid outside the
grain, however they mature inside the shell of the seed which
can take up to 6 weeks if the temperature is cooler, with the adult
borers not living for longer than two months.

10. Blotting Techniques
• The adults and grubs bore into the grains feed and reduce them
to mere shells with many irregular holes. Adults produce a
considerable amount of frass, spoiling more than what they eat.

11. Blotting Techniques
 Sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius)
• Whitish apodous with brown head. Adult is slender ant like with a
long snout and shiny black with reddish brown thorax and legs.
Grubs and adults bore into the tubers and make them unfit for
consumption. Damage occurs both in field and storage.

12. Blotting Techniques
 External feeders
 Rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
• Host range: Wheat-flour, dry fruits, pulses and prepared cereal
foods, such as cornflakes.
• The Red flour beetle or Rust-red flour beetle is a red-brown
beetle with an exoskeleton that darkens in color as the beetle
increases in age, with the maximum adult age being a year.
• Unlike primary pests, Rust-red flour beetles can produce up to
1000 eggs and lay them inside the damaged grain with parts of
the larvae able to use the damaged grains and cereal as their
food source.

13. Blotting Techniques
• The greatest damage is during the hot and humid monsoon
season. In severe infestation, the flour turns greyish and mouldy,
and has a pungent, disagreeable odour making it unfit for human
consumption.

14. Blotting Techniques
 Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella)
• The adult Indian meal moth is grey with distinctive brownish-red
tips to the forewings.
• The female lays up to 200 eggs near the grain surface as it
slowly passes from grain to grain spinning a silk thread. Severe
infestations may form a surface web on the grain heap. Larvae
attack the wheat germ, then pupate in a cocoon which may be
found in cracks and crevices of buildings. The insects quickly
emerge as adult moths. A generation takes as little as four weeks
under warm conditions.

15. Blotting Techniques
• Only the larva causes damage. Crawling caterpillars completely
web over the surface of a heap of grains with silken threads. The
adults fly from one bin to another and spread the infestation.

16. Blotting Techniques
 Almond Moth / Fig moth (Ephestia cautella)
• Host range: It is a serious pest of dried fruits such as currants,
raisons, dried apples, dates, berries, figs, almonds, walnuts,
tamarind seeds, etc.
• The adult moth has greyish wings with transverse stripes on the
outer region and the wing expanse is about 12 mm.
• Adult moths live for 10-14 days.
• Adult moths live for 10-14 days.
• Mated females can lay 20-120 eggs singly or in groups. Eggs
hatch in 3-5 days in warmer months and up to 7 days in cooler
months. Larvae mature in 25 days.

17. Blotting Techniques
• Development can extend up to 64 days depending on food
quality, temperature, and humidity.
• The caterpillars make tunnels in the food materials. The number
of silken tube is sometimes extremely high and these clog the
mill machinery where the infested grains have been sent for
milling.

18. Blotting Techniques
 Saw toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis)
• It is slender, dark, narrow, flattened beetle having a row of saw
like sharp teeth on each side of the prothorax. The antenna is
clubbed and elytra cover abdomen completely.
• They lay up to 500 eggs loosely spread through the infested
grain; eggs hatch to produce larvae which feed externally on
grain dust and sometimes wheat embryos. The mature larvae
pupate within a silken cocoon. A complete generation may take
place in as little as three weeks but the adults may live up to nine
months. They frequently hide in cracks and crevices of buildings
and machinery.

19. Blotting Techniques
• It feed on grains, dried fruits etc. by scarving of grain surface or
burrowing holes in them. It attacks rice, wheat, maize, cereal
products, oil seeds and dry fruits.

20. Blotting Techniques
 Flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes minutus)
• Flat grain beetles are small reddish brown insects about 1.5mm
long with long antennae and a flattened body.
• Eggs are laid throughout the stored grain and develop into tiny
larvae with characteristic tail horns, biting mouth parts and three
pairs of legs. They feed on damaged grain and wheat embryos.
Pupation takes place in a cocoon. A complete life cycle takes
from 4-5 weeks and adults may survive up to one year.

21. Blotting Techniques
• Both grubs and adults feed on broken grains or on milled
products. In case of heavy infestation it cause heating in grain
and flour. It attacks rice, maize, wheat with excessive broken,
different flours, ground nut particularly with high moistures and
mouldy grains.

22. Blotting Techniques
 Grain lice (Liposcelis divinitorius)
• It is pale grey or yellowish white colored, small, pin head sized
louse with filiform antenna.
• The eggs hatch to produce curved white larvae with brown
heads and three pairs of legs. The larvae burrow into slightly
damaged grains and eat out the starchy interior. After pupating
the adults emerge from the grain, leaving large irregular exit
holes. The life cycle takes from 3-6 weeks depending on the
temperature. It
• lays about 7-60 eggs.

23. Blotting Techniques
• They are scavengers affecting only germ portion in heavy
infestation. It thrive on insect fragments and broken grains. It
attacks all starchy material.

24. Blotting Techniques
 The effective management of storage pests may be ensured by
drying the grains properly before storage, storing new grains in
the clean godowns or receptacles and plugging all cracks,
crevices and holes in the godowns thoroughly. If infestation of
grain has already taken place, then application of chemicals
becomes necessary.
 Surface treatment
Disinfect old gunny bags by dipping them in 0.0125 per cent
fenvalerate 20EC or cypermethrin 25EC for 10 minutes and drying
them in shade before filling with grains or use new gunny bags.
Disinfect empty godowns or receptacles by

25. Blotting Techniques
spraying 0.05 per cent malathion emulsion on the floor, walls and
ceiling.
 Seed treatment
Mixing of malathion 5 per cent at the rate of 250 g per quintal of
seed is recommended. The grains may also be treated with/25 ml
of malathion 50 EC or 2 ml of fenvalerate 20EC or 1.5 ml of
cypermethrin 25EC or 14 ml of deltamethrin 2.8EC per quintal of
seed by diluting in 500 ml of water. Against pulse beetle (dhora),
cover the pulses stored in bulk with 7 cm layer of sand or sawdust
or dung ash.

26. Blotting Techniques
 Fumigation
Metallic drums or wooden boxes can be used for fumigating small
quantities of grain. In India, ethylene dichloride and carbon
tetrachloride mixture has been recommended
for fumigation of food grains in storage at farm level, and hydrogen
phosphide in the form of aluminium phosphide or methyl bromide
for protection in warehouses, godowns and silos. Mixture of
ethylene dichloride and carbon tetrachloride at the rate of 1 litre for
20 quintals of grain or 35 litres per 100 m3 of space with exposure
period of 4 days is recommended. Methyl bromide is used at the
rate of 3.5 kg per 100 m3
of space with 10-12

27. Blotting Techniques
hours exposure. The fumigant, hydrogen phosphide (aluminium
phosphide), is available in tablet form and can be used at the rate of
one tablet (3 g) per metric tonne or 25 tablets per 100 m3 of space
with an exposure period of 7 days.

28. Blotting Techniques
The control methods of stored produce pests can be categorized
into preventive and
curative measures.
 Preventive measures
 Curative measures
1. Ecological methods
2. Physical methods
3. Cultural methods
4. Mechanical methods
5. Chemical methods

29. Blotting Techniques
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