The document discusses the Logical Framework Approach (LFA), a systematic method for project planning and management. It describes the LFA process, which involves situational analysis, objective analysis, strategy analysis, and developing an LFA matrix. The matrix maps the project's goal, purpose, outputs, activities, indicators, assumptions and risks. It explains how the LFA helps improve project design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation by establishing a logical link between activities and objectives.

1. Logical Framework Approach in Project
Planning & Formulation
Sagar Parajuli
MPH (PHSM) Third Semester 2023
School of Health & Allied Sciences
Pokhara University

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Presentation Outlines
 Introduction to Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
 Logical Framework Approach Process
 Developing Logical Framework Matrix
 Components of Logical Framework Matrix
 Strengths & Limitations (Critical Appraisal)
 Logframer & Nested LFA

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Introduction: Logical Framework Approach
“ Logical Framework Approach
(LFA) is a systematic and
analytical planning process used
for the results-based planning of
a project or program and for the
monitoring and evaluation
system.”
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 Developed for USAID in 1969
 Widely used approach for project and
program planning, implementation,
monitoring & evaluation
 Structured result based and
goal/objective oriented project
planning (G/OOPP), designing and
development approach
 Based on Management by Objective
(MBO) concept
 ‘Aid to thinking’

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Introduction: Logical Framework Approach
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Approaches like “Results-Based Management” (RBM) and
“Management for Development Results”, Goal oriented Project
planning (ZOPP) based on the Logical Framework Approach or closely
related to it
Definitions on LFA
• Management tool that facilitates the planning, implementation and
evaluation of a project. (Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NORAD 1993)
• A system of procedures and instruments for objective-oriented project
planning. (German Agency for Development Cooperation GTZ 1987)

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Introduction: Logical Framework Approach
According to the World Bank (2000), “the Logical Framework has the
power to communicate the essential elements of a complex project
clearly and succinctly throughout the project cycle. It is used to develop
the overall design of a project, to improve the project implementation
monitoring and to strengthen periodic project evaluation”
Logical Framework approach provides a set of interlocking concepts
which are used as part of an iterative process to aid structured and
systematic analysis of a project or program idea (European Commission 2004).

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• Use of the basic logframe matrix to design, plan and manage projects
as known as ‘Logical framework methodology’ and ‘Project
management tool’
• Core Concept: Condense and organize project planning into simple,
linear Logic Model in a standardized table i.e., logframe
• Logical Framework Approach (LFA) vs. Logical Framework Matrix
(LFM); Logical Framework Approach is whole planning process,
whereas log frame is its product and tools.
• Log frame is ‘cause and effect model’ of project interventions.
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Introduction: Logical Framework Approach

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Need of LFA in Project & Program Planning
Too vague and broad
planning
Unclear Management
Responsibilities
Adversarial Evaluation
Process
Logical Framework
Approach

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Logical Framework Approach Process
Two staged process: Situational analysis (analysis stage; focuses on context of project
and develop a logical explanation of the objective and Planning stage
LFA Matrix Development
Activity Scheduling
Resource Scheduling

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As per European Union PCM Guidelines
1. Preparatory & Stakeholder Analysis
- Stakeholders; partners, beneficiaries of project
- Those who are positively or negatively affected
by project execution
2. Problem Analysis
- Identifying problems associated and identifying
causes and possible effects
- Developing Problem Tree analysis
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Logical Framework Approach Process
Diagram: SECO, 2007

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3. Objective Analysis
- Based on problems identified, objectives are set
considering means and ends
4. Strategy Analysis
- Determining strategies considering project
internal and external influences
- Criteria to be considered: Possibilities,
probability of success, local ownership, cost,
relevance, resources
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Logical Framework Approach Process
Diagram: SECO, 2007

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Developing LFA Matrix
5. Developing LFA Matrix
- 4*4 matrix mostly
- Linear logic model; from bottom to up
- Vertical Logic: Project
Description/Intervention logic, Key
external factors critical to the project’s
success (Assumptions), Objectively
verifiable indicators (OVI), Means of
Verification (MoV)
- Horizontal Logic: Goal, Purpose, Output,
Activities

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Developing LFA Matrix
1. Identifying Project Goal, Purpose,
Outputs and Activities
2. Verify the Vertical Logic
3. Identify the Risks and Assumptions of
at each level
4. Determine OVIs and Means of
Verification; valid reliable, sensitive,
simple, useful and affordable, QQT
5. Define means of verification
6. Verify horizontal logic

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LFA Components
Column One
Narrative Summary
Column Two
Objectively
Verifiable
Indicators
Column Three
Sources of Verification
Column Four
Assumptions
about external
factors
1. Define project goal
2. Define project
purpose
3. Define objectives
4. Determine activities
to be undertaken
5. Verify Intervention
Logic
‘walkthrough’ logic tree
1. Identify Indicator
2. Set Quantity
3. Set Quality
4. Specify Time
QQT
1. Define data to be made
available
2. Method of data collection
3. Nature and forms of data
4. Data availability frequency
External factors
possible and
probable of
influencing
project

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Basic Steps
Top-down,
Bottom up,
Work across
Preparation of the logframe Matrix. Source: BARRETO (2010)
Developing LFA Matrix

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If, AND and Then
Developing LFA Matrix

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LFA Matrix Format
Typical logical framework matrix. Source: BARRETO (2010)

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LFA in Project Management Cycle
Powerful result-based project planning tool enabling for project evaluation and impact assessment
Evaluation &
Auditing
Implementation
Project
Designing
Project
Planning
Analyze existing situation,
Investigate relevance of
the proposed project
Identify potential
objectives and strategies;
Develop project plan with clear
objectives, measurable results,
risk management strategy and
defined levels of management
responsibility
Key management tool to
support contracting,
operational work planning
and monitoring
Supports in monitoring
and evaluation
Basis for performance
and impact assessment.

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LFAApplication: Result-based Monitoring & Evaluation
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Result
Framework
includes
– Code
– Indicator
– Baseline
– Target
– Data Source
– Monitoring
frequency
– Responsible
Agency
– Remark

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LFAApplication: Result-based Monitoring & Evaluation
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Result
Framework
includes
– Code
– Indicator
– Baseline
– Target
– Data Source
– Monitoring
frequency
– Responsible
Agency
– Remark

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LFAApplication
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Work Break down structure (WBS)
- Based on activities identified in accordance with objectives
 Resource Scheduling
- Allocation of resources based on activity weightage (% of total project activities)
Activity Scheduling
- Activities identified and scheduled as per project timeline and objective need and
flow
 Risk management
- Risk prediction, estimation, mitigation, and management strategies

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• Systematic and logical analysis of key interrelated elements constituting a
well-designed project (The World Bank 2000)
• Defines linkages between project and external factors as assumptions
• Logframe serves as reference for detailed work plans, terms of reference,
budgets, during implementation (WUR 2010)
• Logframe provides indicators for measuring project progress and
achievements (WUR 2010)
• Provides logical checks during project design as well as for monitoring
progress and reviewing activities and output during project implementation
(PHILIP et al. 2008).
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LFA Strengths

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LFA Strengths
• Encourages examination of risks and management accountability for
results
• Provides logical linkages between means and ends
• Helps to improve clarity and specificity of objectives
• Helps to establish monitoring and evaluation framework
• Links problem analysis to objective setting
• Emphasises importance of stakeholder analysis to determine ‘whose
problems’ and ‘who benefits’
• Visually accessible and relatively easy to understand

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• Linear (means-end) representation of a complex problem may restrict
flexibility and continual improvement during the project implementation
• Organizations may promote a blueprint, rigid or inflexible approach,
making the log frame a straitjacket to creativity and innovation (THE
WORLD BANK 2000)
• Limited attention to problems of uncertainty where a learning or adaptive
approach to project design and management is required (WUR 2010)
• The strong focus on results can miss the opportunity to define and improve
processes
• Cause rigidity in program management.
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LFA Limitations

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Criticized as
• ‘Logic-less frame’: illusion of logic, jamming of too much
information into one diagram
• ‘Lack-frames’: omit vital aspects of projects, no time dimension
• ‘Lock frames’: program learning and adaptive are blocked
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LFA Limitations

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Nested LFA
‘Interlocking’ or ‘nested’
Logframes useful to see
how objectives of a
policy, a sector program
and a specific project
linked to each other

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• Free project design management
application
• Logframer uses basic structure of the
logical framework or logframe to describe
various components of a project, such as
the objectives, activities, as well as
possible external influences on the project
(risks, assumptions, issues and
dependencies).
• The Rosetta Stone of Logical Frameworks
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Logframer

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LFA Samples
• Nepal MSNP Document: Logical Framework
• Log Frame Sample | UF International Center
• LFA Template| University of Wolverhampton, USA
• Log Framework Planning Matrix-Armenian Red Cross Health
Promotion and Education Project

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1. SECO, The Logical Framework User Manual (2017)
2. Catholic Relief Services' (CRS) Guidance for Developing Logical and Results Frameworks.
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LFA Guidelines (Key)

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1. Methodology Aid Delivery Methods Project Cycle Management [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 15];Available from:
https://zewo.ch/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/methodology-aid-delivery-methods-project-cycle-management-200403_en_2.pdf
Project Cycle Management Guidelines European Commission
2. Project Design Guidance USAID 2011 December [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 15];Available from:
https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACS686.pdf USAID: Project Design Guidance (2011)
3. Team Technologies, Middleburg, Virginia. The logframe handbook : a logical framework approach to project cycle
management (English). Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
4. Logical Framework (PPT) | SSWM - Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water management! [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug
15];Available from: https://sswm.info/media/62
5. Logical Framework Approach [Internet]. Zewo [cited 2023 Aug 15];Available from: https://zewo.ch/en/logical-framework-
approach/
6. Logical Framework Approach (LFA) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 15];Available from:
https://www.logframer.eu/book/export/html/16
7. Logical Framework Approach in Project Planning - apppm [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 15];Available from: http://wiki.doing-
projects.org/index.php/Logical_Framework_Approach_in_Project_Planning
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References

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8. Logical framework: Specific guide to do it STEP by STEP [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 15];Available from:
https://www.ingenioempresa.com/en/logical-framework-methodology/
9. Gasper D. Evaluating the “logical framework approach” towards learning-oriented development evaluation. Public Adm Dev
1999;20.
10. Handbook on Planning, Monitoring and Evaluating for Development Results UNDP (2009)(Exists in several languages including
Russian)
11. Tools for Development: A Handbook for Those Engaged in Development Activity Department for International Development
(DFID) UK (2003)
12. The Logframe Handbook: A Logical Framework Approach to Project Cycle Management World Bank
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References

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