The urinary system of birds consists of paired kidneys and ureters that transport urine to the cloaca. The kidneys are elongated brown structures located symmetrically on either side of the vertebral column below the pelvis and sacrum. Urine is formed in microscopic nephrons located in renal tubules that make up the kidneys. The tubules empty into collecting ducts that connect to ureters, which transport urine to the cloaca for storage prior to excretion. In birds, urine takes the form of a thick pasty substance high in insoluble uric acid rather than water-soluble waste as most other animals produce.

1. SECRETION OF URINE IN
BIRDS
Presenter
Sabal Pokharel

2. URINARY SYSTEM IN BIRDS
The urinary system of birds consists of paired
symmetrical kidney and each with ureter that
carries the urine.
It transports urine to the uroterum of cloaca.
Kidney are brown coloured elongated
structure.
Kidney are situated symmetrically on either
side of the vertebral column below pelvis and
sacrum.

3. CONTD..
The structure of kidney is rough and projected
consisiting of renal tubules.
Avian kidney is divided into unit called tubules.
The tubules have renal cortex and renal
medulla.
Nephrons(large no. of microscopic) are located
in the tubules and empty into the collecting
ducts.
The ureter from the kidney are divided into
renal and pelvic part.

4. CONTD..
Renal parts of the ureter is erubedded in the
substance of the kidney.
The pelvic part of the ureter runs from the
caudal end of the kidney to the cloaca.
Both the uterus opens at the dorsal aspect of
the urudeum.
Urine formed flow into the cloaca where
water reabsorption occurs.

5. CONTD..
• Cloaca consists of 3 compartments via
a) cuprodeum- receives the faeces
b) urudeum- receives the ureters and ducts.
c) Pructudeum- common discharge

7. NEPHRONS IN BIRDS
Birds have 2 types of nephron.
Small number of mammelians types nephron
used to concentrate the urine found in renal
medulla.
A large number of reptilian typess nephron(
without loop of henle) located at renal cortex.
Only a small percent of nephron (15-25%)
contains loop of henle which helps to
concentrate the urine in birds.

9. COMPOSITION OF URINE IN
BIRDS
Birds doesnot have bladder, the urine leaves the
ureter and enters the cloaca where it is moved
by reverse peristalsis into the large intestine.
It perceives excess water to the reabsorbed
before elimination.
In poultry urate is the waste product that is
water insoluble.
The urine is in a thick pasty form with a vary low
water content but high in uric acid from
Nitrogen metabolism.

10. CONTD..
The uric acid is secreted by the tubules of the
reptilian type of nephrons.
Uric acid starts to crystallize in the kidney.
The micro villus in the proximal tubules
incapsulate.
The crystal with a protein coat formulating a
highly soluble collidial particles.
And these particles transports the uric acid
through the nephrons to the uretes and into the
cloaca along with

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