L-Lysine is an essential amino acid that's produced by fermentation. The fermentation process uses selected strains of microorganisms that grow in a solution of glucose or molasses, ammonium compounds, inorganic salts, and other substances. Industrial lysine fermentation is usually performed using large-scale tank fermenters. In production plants, lysine accumulates to a final titer of 170 g/L after 45 hours. Lysine and other amino acids are commonly produced by fermentation using strains of heterotrophic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum. C. glutamicum has been engineered to produce lysine with a yield of 0.31 g lysine/g sugar. Lysine is involved in the production of hormones and energy. It's also important for calcium and immune function.

1. PRODUCTION OF AMINO ACID
(L-LYSINE)

2. WHAT IS AMINO ACID?
 Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
 They are the group of organic compounds
containing two functional groups- amino and
carboxyl.
 The amino group (-NH2) is basic while the
carboxyl group (-COOH) is acidic in nature.
 And a side-chain (R group) specific to each
amino acid is also present.

3. CLASSIFICATION:
 All the 20 amino acids are not needed to be
taken in the diet.
 Based on the nutritional requirements amino
acids can be classified into two classes: -
1. Essential
2. Non-essential

4. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
 The amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the
body and need to be supplied through the diet are
called essential amino acids.
 The 10 amino acids listed are essential for humans:
Arginine, Valine, Histidine, lsoleucine, Leucine, Lysine,
Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan.

5. NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
 They are synthesized by the body, and do not need not
be supplied in the diet.
 These are- glycine, alanine, serine, cysteine, aspartate,
asparagnie, glutamate, glutamine, tyrosine and proline.
 Some microorganisms are capable of producing certain
amino acids such as lysine, glutamic acid and
tryptophan.

6. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF AMINO ACIDS
 Three amino acids which are produced at large scale
includes:
1. L-lysine
2. L-glutamic acid
3. DL- methionine
 L-lysine is the amino acid that covers more than 90% of
total world amino acid production.
 Synthesis of lysine - 80% by Fermentation , 20% by
chemical synthesis.

7. Biosynthesis of L-lysine in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Aspartic
Acid
Aspartate
semi aldehyde
Homoserine L-Threonine
L-Lysine
L-Methionine
Feedback
inhibition

8. L-LYSINE
 Lysine, or L-lysine, is an essential amino acid, meaning it is
necessary for human health, but the body cannot make it.
 Lysine can be obtain from food or supplements.
 Amino acids like lysine are the building blocks of protein. Lysine is
important for proper growth, and it plays an essential role in the
production of carnitine, a nutrient responsible for converting fatty
acids into energy and helping lower cholesterol.
 Lysine appears to help the body absorb calcium, and it plays an
important role in the formation of collagen, a substance important
for bones and connective tissues including skin, tendons, and
cartilage.

9. LYSINE PRODUCTION
1.Mode of Operation
Batch Process Fed-Batch Process
1.Fermentation
Process
Submerged Fermentation Aerobic Fermentation
1.Fermenter Type
Stirred Tank Reactors Air Lift Bioreactors

10. MICRO-ORGANISM
 Corynebactrium glutamicum (ATCC 13287)
 Gram positive
 Soil Bacterium
 Non-Motile Rod shaped
 Non – spore producing
 Non-pathogenic bacterium

11. FERMENTATION MEDIA
 Carbon Source : Cane Molasses
 Nitrogen Source : Corn steep liquor / Soybean meal
 Minerals and Salts : KH2PO4/K2HPO4, CaCO3
 Trace Elements : Corn steep liquor
 Antifoaming Agents : PEG-2000, Silicone based oils

12. PROCESS PARAMETERS
 Optimum pH : 7.2
 Optimum Temperature : 35-37 °C
 Time : 100 hours production cycle

13. LYSINE PRODUCTION PROCEDURE
The process can be divided into three main parts:
 Fermentation;
 Product Recovery;
 Product Concentration, Drying and Packaging.

14. FERMENTATION
 The culture media used in the batch and fed-batch phases
of fermentation are prepared by mixing process water,
glucose and nutrients.
 The fermentation step is performed in fed-batch mode
and under aerobic conditions.
 In the batch phase, the microorganism seed is fed into the
fermenters, which have been filled previously with the
fermentation batch medium. After glucose exhaustion, the
batch phase is finished and the fed-batch phase is
started.
 During the fed-batch phase, glucose and nutrients are
continuously supplied until the desired L-lysine
concentration is achieved.
 At the end of the fermentation, the broth is sent to a
buffer tank to provide a continuous flow to the
downstream process steps.

15. PRODUCT RECOVERY
 The fermentation broth is sent to an ultrafiltration
system for the removal of cell debris and other
suspended solids.
 Subsequently, the liquor from ultrafiltration is fed to
ion-exchange columns, where L- lysine is selectively
adsorbed.
 The adsorbed L-lysine is eluted from the ion-
exchange resins by washing with an aqueous
ammonia solution.

16. PRODUCT CONCENTRATION, DRYING AND PACKAGING
 The L-lysine eluted from the ion-exchange columns is
mixed with mother liquor from the product-filtration
step and concentrated by evaporation.
 The concentrated lysine solution is acidified with
hydrochloric acid, and free L-lysine is converted to L-
lysine HCl.
 The L-lysine HCl solution is then sent to the
crystallizer, and lysine salt is filtered. The mother
liquor is recycled to the evaporator and the wet cake
is conveyed to dryers.
 Final dry L-lysine-HCl (98.5 wt.%) is obtained and sent
to a packaging line before being stored in bags.

17. LYSINE PRODUCTION PLANT
Lysine production
plant of the BASF AG
located in Gunsan,
South Korea with an
annual capacity of
about 100000 tons.
Copyright BASF AG-
The chemical
company (2003).

18. APPLICATIONS AND USES OF L-LYSINE
 Used as nutrition supplements in food, beverage,
pharmaceutical, agriculture/animal feed, and various
other industries.
 Used as flavor enhancer in food production.
 In Pharmaceutical L-Lysine is widely used as Nervous
system drugs and Nutritional therapy in
Pharmaceutical.
 L-Lysine is widely used in poultry feed to improve
growth and egg production and in fish feed to
improve growth.

19. THANK YOU