Building Your Own PC & Troubleshooting created by SAYYYED MISBAH for Higher Secondary ICT students of Majlis English Medium Higher Secondary School, Manhampara, Kasaragod, Kerala, India.
2. BUILDING YOUR OWN PC
We think, today increasingly popular to build your own computer because it
saves money, and it guarantees you get what you want.
CONSIDERATIONS WHEN BUYING A NEW PC
Planning
Purpose
Functionality Needed
Budget
TOOLS REQUIRED
A Large bag
multi-meter
Screwdriver
Flashlight
Hand Mirror
3.
4. HARDWARE REQUIRED
Case
Power Supply
Mainboard
CPU With heatsink and Fan
RAM
Hard Drive
CD-RW and/or DVD Drive
NIC (optional)
Video Card
Sound Card (optional)
Operating System (in our workshop,
we didn't focus on OS)
Monitor
Keyboard and Mouse
5. PLANNING AHEAD BEFORE OPENING COMPONENTS
Always plan where you’ll set a component before removing it from its
electrostatic protection pouch.
Pick up mainboards by the edges and try to handle all sensitive parts by the
edges.
7. STEP 2: PREPARE COMPUTER CASE
The computer case holds all the internal parts of your PC
Install and I/O shield
Remove plates covering drive bays and install spacers
Installing I/O Shield
8. INSTALLING SPACERS
STEP 3: INSTALL DRIVES
Configure jumpers
Install the CD-RW drive
Install the hard drive
28. STEP 8: PLUG IN THE COMPUTER AND ATTACH EXTERNAL DEVICES
29. STEP 9: BOOT THE COMPUTER, CHECK SETTINGS, AND VERIFY
OPERATION
30. PC TROUBLESHOOTING
Most computer technicians spend a great deal of time troubleshooting and
repairing systems.
You should be familiar with common problems and solutions related to
motherboards, hard disks, RAM, and the other major system components.
Define the Problem
If you can’t define the problem, you can’t begin to solve it. You can define the
problem by asking questions of the user.
Here are a few questions to ask the user to aid in determining what the
problem is, exactly:
Can you show me the problem?
How often does this happen?
Has any new hardware been installed recently?
Have any other changes been made to the computer recently?
31. Every computer has a diagnostic program built into its BIOS called the power-
on self-test (POST).
Beep Codes
POST Checkpoint Codes
Onscreen Massages
How Errors Are Displayed?
32. Standard IBM BIOS Beep Codes
BEEP CODE MEANING
No beep Power supply or system board failure
1 short POST is okay
2 short POST error with error code display on screen
Repeating short beeps Power supply or system board failure
1 long, 1 short System board error
1 long, 2 short Video display adapter failure
1 long, 3 short EGA/VGA display adapter error
3 long Keyboard error
Note: Here we are given some of BEEP CODES.
33. AMI BIOS Beep Codes
BEEP CODE MEANING
1 short POST is okay
2 short Memory failure
3 short Memory/Parity failure
4 short System timer failure
5 short Motherboard failure
6 short Keyboard controller failure
7 short CPU failure
8 short Video adapter failure
9 short ROM BIOS checksum error
10 short CMOS read/write error
11 short Cache memory error
1 long, 3 short Memory failure
1 long, 8 short Video adapter failure
Note: Here we are given some of BEEP CODES.
34. AWARD BIOS Beep Codes
BEEP CODE MEANING
1 long Memory error
1 long, 2 short Video error
1 long, 3 short Video failure
Continuous beeps Memory or video failure
Note: Here we are given some of BEEP CODES.
35. PHOENIX BIOS Beep Codes
BEEP CODES MEANING
1-2-2-1 Motherboard error; initializing
keyboard controller
1-2-2-3 BIOS ROM checksum error
1-2-3-1 System timer error
1-2-3-3 Initializing DMA controller
1-3-1-1 Memory refresh test
1-4-1-3 Motherboard error; CPU bus clock
frequency test
1-4-2-1 CMOS RAM read/write failure
2-1-1-1 Error in setting initial CPU speed
3-1-1-1 Error in I/O bus or with serial or
parallel ports
3-2-4-1 Power management failure;
motherboard error
3-3-3-1 Failure writing to video adapter
4-2-4-1 Internal chipset error
4-3-4-3 Error initializing hard disk or loading
operating system
36. Award BIOS POST Onscreen Error Messages
MESSAGE MEANING
BIOS ROM checksum The BIOS code might have become corrupt.
Error – System halted Replace the BIOS
CMOS Battery failed The CMOS battery is no longer functional.
Contact your System dealer for a replacement
battery.
HARD DISK initializing. Some hard drives require extra time to -
Please wait a moment initialize
Keyboard error or nokeyboard – Can’t initialize the keyboard. Make sure the
present keyboard is attached correctly.
Primary master hard disk fail POST detects an error in the primary master
IDE hard drive
Note: Here we are given some of Error Messages.
37. IBM BIOS POST Display Error Codes
MESSAGE MEANING
1xx System Board Error
2xx Memory (RAM) Error
3xx Keyboard Error
4xx PS/2 System port Error
9xx Printer port Error
13xx Game port Error
29xx Color printer Error
30xx Network adapter Error
104xx IDE fixed Error
219xx SCSI Communication Error
199906xx Boot Error
38. Dealing Driver Problems with Safe Mode
TROUBLESHOOTING IN THE WINDOWS OS
Troubleshooting Black Screen Error Messages
Completely Black – No Message
o This means the code in MBR could not be executed and which holds
information how the drive is partitioned, is Ok.
Invalid Partition Table
Invalid Boot Disk
o This means that MBR (Master Boot Record) of your hard drive is not
okay
o Make sure that your hard disk is detected and make sure that the
boot order in the CMOS setup is correct.
HOW MIGHT A BLACK SCREEN ERROR HAPPEN?
Most common source of the problem is trying to dual boot, have more then
one OS on the same hard disk.
40. No operating system found
Solutions
o Just replace it with a fresh copy.
o OS reinstall should take care of these issues.
This error means the computer’s BIOS checked all the drives it knew
about and couldn’t find any disk with a bootable sector.
Missing NTLDR
This error means that the NTLDR file is either missing or corrupt.
NTOSKRNL.EXE missing or corrupt
STOP: 0x0000007B Inaccessible Boot Device.
The most common is that Windows could not load the driver for the disk
controller on the boot device.
41. TURNING OFF RESTART
Stop 0x0000000A IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL: The message means some
buggy software (a driver, BIOS, virus scanner) tried to access memory space
it should not suppose to access. Check for a newer version, and buy only
hardware with good drivers.
Stop 0x0000002E DATA_BUS_ERROR: Bad RAM, motherboard or hard
disk can cause this error.
Stop 0x00000024 NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM: Bad disk or controller. Perhaps
disk has bad blocks. Run Chkdsk /f /r to detect and resolve any file system
structural corruption.
Stop 0x00000050 PAGE_FAULT_IN_NONPAGED_AREA: Bad RAM typically
causes such errors, though it can also be a software problem.
Stop 0x0000007F UNEXPECTED_KERNEL_MODE_TRAP: Probably some
hardware problem.
G: attrib -h -r -S /s /d g:*.*
If your pen drive virus detect?
42. A quota entries
A add new quota entry
Disk Quota management Tools
It used to limit the user to use the disk space.
43. Group Policy
It use to define and control how programs, network resources, and the
operating system behave for users and computers in an organization.
Type command ‘gpedit.msc’.
44. Important Files in Windows XP
NTLDR
BOOT.INI
BOOTSECT.DOS
NTDETECT.COM
NTBOOTDD.SYS
NTOSKRNL.EXE
The Registry
The Registry is so important to Windows that it cannot live without it. When
registry gets corrupted Windows is dead.
Windows configuration information is stored in a special configuration
database known as the Registry.
You can open registry, click start and click Run. Then type ‘regedit or
‘regedit32’ .
The Registry is broken down into a series of separate areas called hives.
46. TROUBLESHOOTING REGISTRY PROBLEMS
Wrong entries in the registry database can make Windows behave
unpredictably, make it crash often or even make it stop working.
How do you know there is something wrong with the registry? Besides when
you get a message that registry is corrupted you can suspect if Windows
plays a very strange malfunction in the GUI such as for example, the Start
button is missing.
Your only hope to repair any registry problem is to find some good registry
backup and restore it.
A very good backup you have is a LAST KNOWN GOOD CONFIGURATION.
It’s the one which was being written the last time you logged on successfully
on XP, and you can choose this option by pressing F8 when you reboot on
Windows XP.
47.
48. OUT OF MEMORY ERROR
Swap file is set too small, so enlarge it to solve the issue.
Go to Control Panel > System > Advanced > Performance, Settings >
Advanced > Virtual Memory > Change.
49. DR. WATSON
Dr. Watson is a program that traps program faults and generates a snapshot
of the operating system. Application developers use such error reports to
clean bugs.
Dr. Watson can also provide a crash dump file, which a developer can load to
a debugger and examine it.
50. Recovery Console
The Recovery Console is a command-line utility you can use to format drives,
read data from and write data to local hard drives, and perform several other
administrative tasks.
Here’s how to install the Recovery Console:
Put the Windows XP installation CD in the CD-ROM drive.
Click Start and then Run.
In the Run box, type ‘H:i386winnt32.exe /cmdcons’ (where H: is
your CD-ROM drive letter).
Finally click Enter Key.
51. RECOVERY CONSOLE COMMANDS
COMMAND FUNCTION
ATTRIB Changes the attributes of a file or folder.
CD or CHDIR Changes directories.
CHKDSK Runs the hard disk checker.
COPY Copies files from removable media to
the system folders.
DEL or DELETE Deletes files.
DISABLE Disables a specified service or driver.
DISKPART Creates or deletes disk partitions.
DISKPART Creates or deletes disk partitions.
ENABLE Enables a specified service or driver.
FIXBOOT Writes a new boot sector on
the system partition.
FIXMBR Writes a new Master Boot
Record for the partition boot sector.
FORMAT Formats the selected disk.
HELP Displays a list of available
Recovery Console commands.
LOGON Logs on to Windows.
Note: Here we are given some of RC Commands.
52. CAREERS IN PC REPAIR
I Will Conclude Our Workshop With Sort Story
If you really looking for a computer-related career, one way to build your PC
repair skills. To certify PC repair technicians, CompTIA (http://www.comptia.org) offers
A+ certification. A+ Certification involves taking two multiple choice tests to demonstrate
your knowledge of PC repair. One test is about hardware. The other test is about
operating systems. If you successfully pass both tests, you become A+ certified.
Many people earn extra money by offering PC upgrading and repair services.
When he was a college student studying biology, Michael Dell decided to earn extra
money by building PCs in his room and selling them through mail order ads. His
business became successful. And, he dropped out of college to devote full time to building
Dell Computer. Today, Michael Dell is a billionaire, and Dell is a respected name in
personal computers.
If you’re interested in learning more about starting a business in the PC repair
field, we recommend Start Your Own Computer Business: Building a Successful PC
Repair and Service Business by Supporting Customers and Managing Money.
