2. CONTENTS
Evolution in Mobile Technology and Services Offered
Motivation Behind LTE
Birth of LTE
LTE System Architecture
LTE Protocol Stack
LTE Key Aspects (Duplexing, Access, Link Adaptation)
NFV and SDN in LTE
Birth of LTE – Advance
Evolution of LTE – A (Exploring New Dimensions)
LTE versus LTE – A
Future Trends and Focus Insight
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3. Evolution in Mobile Technology &
Services Offered
1. Peak data rate for GSM/GPRS, Evolved EDGE has peak DL data rates capable of up to 1.2 Mbps;
2. Peak data rate for HSPA+ DL 3-carrier CA; HSPA+ specification includes additional potential CA + use of multiple antennas;
3. Peak data rate for LTE Advanced Cat 6 with 20 + 20 MHz DL CA; LTE specification includes additional potential CA + additional use of multiple antennas;
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4. Motivation Behind LTE
The motivation for LTE
Need to ensure the continuity of competitiveness of the 3G system for the
future
User demand for higher data rates and quality of service
Packet Switch optimized system
Continued demand for cost reduction (CAPEX and OPEX)
Low complexity
Avoid unnecessary fragmentation of technologies for paired and unpaired
band operation
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5. Birth of LTE
2004: Marked as the birth year of LTE; NTT DoCoMo of Japan proposes LTE
as the international standard.
Sept 2006: NSN of Finland showed in collaboration with Nomor Research of
Germany the first live emulation of HDTV streaming using an LTE network to
the media and investors.
Nov 2007: Infineon presented the world’s first RF transceiver named SMARTi
LTE supporting LTE functionality
2008: 3GPP standardizes LTE in Release 8; with a completely new radio
interface and core network.
2009: TeliaSonera launches first commercial LTE network in Oslo and
Stockholm.
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6. LTE System Architecture
The evolved
architecture
comprises E-UTRAN
(Evolved UTRAN) on
the access side
and EPC (Evolved
Packet Core) on
the core side.
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12. LTE Protocol Stack
RRC: Radio Resource Control
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence
Protocol
RLC: Radio Link Control
MAC: Medium Access Control
PHY: Physical Layer
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13. LTE Key Aspects (FDD-LTE vs TDD-LTE)
LTE- Frequency Division Duplexing LTE- Time Division Duplexing
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14. LTE Key Aspects (FDD-LTE vs TDD-LTE)
Feature LTE FDD TDD LTE
Application
FDD version is used where both uplink and
downlink data rates are symmetrical.
TDD version is used where both uplink and
downlink data rates are asymmetrical.
Guard periods
Not provided, every downlink subframe can
be associated with an uplink subframe.
Provided in the center of special subframes
and used for the advance of the uplink
transmission timing. The no. of downlink and
uplink subframes is different
Interference
Interference between neighboring base
stations less as transmission and reception is
done on separate frequencies.
Interference between neighboring base
stations more, as transmission and reception is
done on the same frequency.
Peak Downlink data rate for FDD/TDD LTE
Minimum: 1.728 Mbps with 1.4MHz BW,6 RBs, QPSK modulation,
Maximum: 345.6 Mbps with 20MHz,100 RBs, 64QAM,4X4 MIMO
Peak Uplink data rate for TDD/FDD LTE
Minimum: 1.8 Mbps with 1.4MHz BW, 6 RBs, QPSK modulation,
Maximum: 86.4 Mbps with 20MHz BW, 100 RBs, 64QAM modulation
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16. LTE Key Aspects (Access Techniques)
For Downlink Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is used
Each UE occupies a subset of sub-carriers
Subset is called an OFDMA traffic channel
Spectral bandwidth efficiency
Robustness to frequency selective fading channels
For Uplink Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access (SC-FDMA) is used. Better in power consumed
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17. LTE Key Aspects (Radio Link Adaptation)
Power Control
Absolutely Necessary in Uplink
Reason: Near / Far, Rx dynamics
LTE-Slow Power Control sufficient
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
Need to keep control of latency and
QoS
And for Efficiency (to approach
Shannon!)
Target 10% - 30% BLER
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
Necessary fallback solution
Quick response to Tx errors
To collect power for cell edge UEs
Link Adaptive Scheduling
Resource management
Dependent on UE Channel Quality
Remember!
Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI)
In LTE
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18. NFV and SDN in LTE
Two New Concepts: Network Functions Virtualization, Software Defined Networking
Cost reduction, increase of network scalability and service flexibility
NFV proposes to run the mobile network functions as software instances on
commodity servers or datacenters.
SDN supports a decomposition of the mobile network into control-plane and data-
plane functions.
Within a widely-spanned mobile network, there is in fact a high potential to
combine both concepts.
Taking load and delay into account, there will be areas of the mobile network
rather benefiting from an NFV deployment with all functions virtualized, while for
other areas, an SDN deployment with functions decomposition is more
advantageous.
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19. NFV and SDN in LTE
Control-plane gateway(GW-c), LTE signaling or resources allocation
Data-plane gateway (GW-u), for both SGW and PGW such as GTP Tunneling, or additional
functions needed at the PGW only such as QoS enforcement or charging.
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24. LTE-A CoMP, Coordinated Multipoint
Introduced in R10 for LTE-A
Makes better utilization of network: By providing
connections to several base stations at once, using CoMP,
data can be passed through least loaded base stations for
better resource utilization.
Provides enhanced reception performance: Using several
cell sites for each connection means that overall reception
will be improved and the number of dropped calls should
be reduced.
Multiple site reception increases received power: The joint
reception from multiple base stations or sites using LTE
Coordinated Multipoint techniques enables the overall
received power at the handset to be increased.
Interference reduction: By using specialized combining
techniques it is possible to utilize the interference
constructively rather than destructively, thereby reducing
interference levels.
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25. LTE-A HetNet, Heterogeneous Network
Using concept of CoMP and eICIC in order to increase capacity and QoE
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33. 5G Service Capabilities
5G needs to support efficiently three different types of traffic profiles
– high throughput for e.g. video services
– low energy for e.g. long living sensors
– low latency for mission critical services
Sustainable and scalable technology to handle
– growth in number of terminal devices
– continuous growth of traffic (at a 50-60% CAGR)
– heterogeneous network layouts
– without causing dramatic increase of power consumption and management complexity
5G covers network needs and contributes to digitalization of vertical markets
– automotive, transportation, manufacturing, banking, finance, insurance, food and agriculture
– education, media
– city management, energy, utilities, real estate, retail
– government and healthcare
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34. 5G Key Requirements
1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target ≥ 10 Tb/s/km2
1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2
100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥ 10Gb/s
Guaranteed user data rate >50Mb/s
1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010
1/5 X in network management OPEX
Mobility support at speed ≥ 500km/h for ground transportation
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35. 5G Key Technological Components
5G wireless will support a heterogeneous set of integrated air interfaces
– evolutions of current access schemes, and brand new technologies
5G networks will encompass cellular and satellite solutions
Seamless handover between heterogeneous wireless access technologies
Deployment of ultra-dense networks with numerous small cells requires new
interference mitigation, backhauling and installation techniques
5G will be driven by software and will heavily rely on emerging technologies to
achieve required performance, scalability and agility
– Software Defined Networking (SDN)
– Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)
– Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)
Easer and optimized network management by means of exploitation of Data
Analytics and Big Data techniques
– to monitor users Quality of Experience while guaranteeing privacy
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