hunger,causes of hunger,appetite,obesity,types of obesity,brownfat,satiety,starvation

1. HUNGER,APPETITE,
SATIETY
OBESITY

2. HUNGER
• Hunger is internal drive to eat ,controlled
by internal body
• A feeling of discomfort or weakness caused
by lack of food,coupled with desire to eat.

4. CAUSES OF HUNGER
• poverty :when people are in the stage of
poverty there will be lack in basic resources
such as food,water,shelter.
• Seasonal changes: people who live in rural
areas and rely on farming and livestock for
food and income.
• Changes in climate along with food prices and
availability affect hunger.results in annual
cycles of hunger ,known as “hunger season”

5. • Natural disaster: Natural disaster can
destroy homes,lands,jobs and market.
• Untill communities can be rebuilt people
affected by natural disaster are at greater risk
for malnutrition.

6. APPETITE
• Desire to eat.
• Natural desire to satisfy a bodily need, especially
for food.
• Desire to eat food ,sometimes due to hunger.
• Appeling foods can stimulate appetite even
hunger is absent
• Decreased desire to eat “anorexia”
• Increased desire to eat “polyphagia”or
“hyperphagia”

7. • Appetite is different from hunger .Hunger is
physical need to eat ,but appetite stimulates
us to eat even when hunger is absent.
• When stressed, appetite levels may increase
of food intake.
• Orexia increased appetite.

8. • Hypothalamus , a part of the brain ,is the main
regulatory organ for the human appetite.
• Neurons that regulate appetite is mainly
serotonergic.

9. HORMONES IN APPETITE
REGULATION
• Calcitonin- cells in thyroid,gastrointestinal
tract,pancreas.
• Amylin – secreated by pancreas.
• Leptin – secreted by fat cells.

10. SATIETY
• Experience of fullness.
• Satiety related to satisfy fully
• Derived from latin word “enough”
• Desire to limit furthur food intake ,as after
completing a satisfy meal.
• Hypothalamus ,regulates amount of food
desired.

11. • Satiety is reached long before the food is
digested or absorbed.
• Emotional or psycological factors also can
cause or delay satiety, a person who is upset
may be totally satisfied by only a few bites of
food.

12. OBESITY
• Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat
accumulation that may impair health.
• The world health organisation (WHO) defines:
• Overweight as BMI equal to or more than 25
• Obesity as a BMI equal to or more than 30.

13. RELATED TO HEALTH
PROBLEMS
• Heart diseases
• Stroke
• Abnormal blood fats
• Cancer
• Hypertension
• Type 2 diabetes
• Osteoarthiritis
• Reproductive problems

14. BMI
• Muscularity and height affect weight.
WEIGHT IN KG
BMI =-------------------------------------------
HEIGHT IN (MTR)2

15. BMI
• < 18.5
• 18.5-24.9
• 25-29.9
• 30-34.9
• 35-39.9
• 40-49.9
• 50andabove
CLASSIFICATION
• Underweight
• Normal weight
• Overweight
• Obesity class-I
• Obesity class –II
• Obesity class – III
• Super obesity

16. ATEIOLOGY
• GENETIC FACTOTRS:
• 50-70% of person become fat more than any
other factor .
• Within families the chance is 80% if both
parents are obese and 50% if one parent is
obese.

17. • AGE AND SEX :
• It can occur at any age in either sex .
• Hormonal predispostion put women is at
higher risk of obesity when compared to men.
• EATING HABITS:
• Certain eating habits may lead to obesity.
• Nibbling between meals is common among
housewives and is potential cause for obesity.

18. • Some may eat faster taking less time for chewing
,therefore they tend to consume more food.
• High fat food suseptible for obesity.
• STRESS:
• Food is one of the many stimulants of endorphine
“feel good” neurotransmitter ,self
gratification,self punishment, depression,anxiety
and stress leads to excess intake of calories.

19. GRADES OF OBESITY
• GRADE –I
• These people have body mass index more
than 25 but less than 29.9 .
• Overweigth does not affect their health they
lead normal health .
• They can reduce their own.

20. • GRADE-II
• BMI between 30-39.9
• They should be treated with doctors and
dietician .
• They have to reduce their weigth to prevent
themselves from any healthissues.

21. • GRADE-III
• BMI above 40 patients are in pathetic
conditions.
• Susceptible to atherosclerosis,psycological
disturbances .

22. TYPES OF OBESITY
• JUVENILE ONSET OBESITY:
• Due to hyperplasia. Childhood obesity is a
condition where excess body fat negatively
affects a child's health or well-being.
• 80% obese children become obese adult .
• Feeding young children with excess amount of
ghee ,snacks,sweets and food leads to obesity.

23. • ADULT ONSET OBESITY:
• Known as hypertrophic obesity ,size of
individual cell enlarged.
• Mostly occurs in adults .
• Distended adipose cells leads to furthur
physiological ,biochemical,anatomic
abberations, in individual organs and organ
systems.

24. CAUSES OF OBESITY
• Lack of energy balance
• Genes and family history
• Alcoholism
• Emotional factors
• Smoking
• Pregnancy
• Lack of access to healthy foods.
• Endocrine:hypothyroidism,PCOD
• Drugs:corticosteroids,antidepressants

25. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Clothes feeling tight and need a larger size.
• Having extra fat around waist.
• Higher than normal bodymass index.
• DIETARY GOALS:
• limit sugar ,sweetened beverages.
• Encourage diet with more fruits and
vegetables.

26. • Limit eating outside foods such as, in
restaurants,particularly fast foods.
• Limit portion size.
• Encouraging moderate to vigourous physical
activity for one or more hours daily.
• Eat more fibre rich foods.
• Consume more amount of fluids to maintain
your body .

27. STARVATION
• Starvation is a state of overall deprevation of
nutrients .
• CAUSES:
• Delibrate fasting –religiuos or political.
• Famine condition in a country or community
starved individuals has lax,dryskin,wasted
muscles
• First 30-48 hr pain in epigastrium .

28. • After 4-5 days emaciation and absorbption of
subcutaneous fat.
• Loss of weight
• Odema
• Hypothermia
• Easy fatigue
• Mental and physical lethargy.

29. REFERENCE
• Book:
• Srilakshmi,dietetics,8th edition ,newage
international (pvt) limited,london,new delhi.
• net reference:
•
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