What is Obesity, Causes, Effects of obesity , Pathophysiology, Treatment, Surgical and Medicational treatment, How these medication works.

2. Presented By
Shawon Islam Momin

4. What is obesity?
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has
accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
Usually 20% or more over an individual's ideal body
weight is considered as obese
Obesity has been more precisely defined by a parameter
known as BMI ( Body Mass Index )

6. Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with
increasing rates in adults and children.
In 2015, 600
million adults
(12%) and 100
million children
were obese.

7. Causes of Obesity
Diet Gender Average Calories/ Day
Man 2500
Woman 2000• Sugar-sweetened beverages (soda,
fruit drinks, sports drinks)
• Refined grains(white bread, white rice,
white pasta) and sweets
• Potatoes (baked or fried)
• Red meat (beef, pork, lamb) and
processed meats (salami, ham, bacon,
sausage)
• Other highly processed foods, such as
fast food

8. Sedentary lifestyle
• Lack of Physical exercise
• Technology
Genetic factors
• Genetic disorder like Prader–
Willi syndrome
• FTO gene (fat mass and
obesity associated gene)
• Control of appetite and
metabolism
Prader–Willi syndrome

9. Some illnesses
• hypothyroidism
• Cushing's syndrome
• growth hormone deficiency
• eating disorder
Social determinants
Gut bacteria

10. Drugs
• Depression Medications
• Mood Stabilizers
• Diabetes Medicines
• Corticosteroids
• Drugs That Prevent Seizures and Migraines
• 'Beta Blocker' Heart Medicines
• Allergy Relievers

11. Effect of Obesity on Health
• high blood pressure
• heart disease and strokes
• type 2 diabetes
• certain types of cancer
• sleep apnea
• osteoarthritis, joint problems,
• fatty liver disease
• kidney disease
• pregnancy problems, such as high blood sugar during pregnancy
• Metabolic syndrome
• Psychosocial effects

13. But what is the
mechanisms involved
in the development
and maintenance of
obesity??

14. Pathophysiology of Obesity
Leptin hormone
(Hormonal Mechanism)
Discovered in 1994 by Friedman
Also called Satiety hormone, starvation hormone
It is derived white adipose tissue
Binds with leptin receptor
Reduces appetite, inhibits food intake by central
action on the hypothalamus
But during obesity leptin resistance occurs

16. Treatment of Obesity
Diet control ( Dieting )
Starving or fasting your body
can make you weight gain
Calories In Calories OutBody
Weight

17. Starvation or Fasting
Reduce calorie intake &
initially lose weight
Creates health problems like
dizziness, headaches, low blood sugar, muscle
aches, weakness, and fatigue, anemia, liver &
kidney problems, irregular heart beat etc
Body goes into conservation
mode or Starvation Mode
Temptation remains
almost same
Depression, anxiety, lack
of motivation, insomnia
occurs
Physiologically Psychologically

18. Slow metabolism rate
and slow burning of
calories
Leptin resistance
Back to normal life
& weight gain
(vicious cycle of dieting)
Diet Spoon

19. Surgical treatment
Sleeve Gastrectomy Gastric imbrication

20. Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric
Banding (LAGB).
Roux en Y Gastric Bypass
(RYGB)

21. Biliopancreatic Diversion /
Duodenal Switch (BPD/DS)
Liposuction

22. Anti-obesity medication
1.Orlistat (Xerical)
2.Sibutramine (Meridia)
3.Rimonabant (Acomplia)
4.Phentermine/topiramate
5.Exenatide
6.Metformin
Orlistat (Xenical) the most commonly
used medication to treat obesity

23. Orlistat
Reduced intestinal
fat absorption
Rimonabant
(Acomplia)
Blockade of
cannabinoid system
Sibutramine
Inhibit reuptake of
the neurotransmitter

24. Side effect of anti-obesity medication
o fen - phen
o high blood pressure
o faster heart rate
o palpitation
o glaucoma
o restlessness
oagitation
o insomnia
o steatorrhea
o oily stools
o stomach pain
o flatulence

25. Mechanism of actions
Amphetamine, phentermine and substituted
amphetamine release catecholamine which
suppress appetite
Increase the bodies metabolism
Interference with the bodies ability to absorb specific
nutrients in food